{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O99137"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O99137/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2014GW9974/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2014GW9974/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2014GW9974","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2014GW9970","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2014GW9975","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2009CB6397","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AG7086","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006BB4640","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AF7831","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O99137/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O99137","accessionNumber":"770-1877","objectType":"Cup","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"The most important French porcelain factory was founded in 1740 in the royal chateau of Vincennes. In 1756 it was transferred  to Sèvres, the other side of Paris, and shortly after was bought by Louis XV. The support and protection of the king and his  mistress, Madame de Pompadour, enabled it to secure the best artists, sculptors, designers and chemists. Sèvres porcelain  soon became the most sought after in Europe. The royal manufactory at Sèvres specialised in luxury porcelains, many of which were destined for the French court. Each year  it displayed its newest models in the king's apartments at Versailles. The factory was very responsive to changes in fashion and  introduced many innovations in design and decoration. Its products were admired throughout Europe and its style was widely imitated. During the French Revolution, which brought about a disastrous drop in sales of luxury porcelain, the factory was Nationalised and began producing patriotic wares.\nSymbols of the Republic depicted on this cup and saucer (770 & A -1877) include a triangular stonemason's or carpenter's level (representing Equality and Justice), scales and serpents (representing Justice, Eternity and the Constitution of France), Fasces (a bundle of bound rods surrounding an axe, representing ancient Roman Power and Jurisdiction), a Phrygian cap (Liberty), oak (civic virtue and force) and the Revolutionary flag (tricolore). ","physicalDescription":"Cup, porcelain, painted in enamels and gilt with Republican devices.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Étienne-Gabriel Girard","id":"AUTH324785"},"association":{"text":"gilder","id":"x39171"},"note":""},{"name":{"text":"Cyprien-Julien Hirel de Choisy","id":"AUTH324786"},"association":{"text":"decorative painter","id":"x44761"},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[{"name":{"text":"Sèvres porcelain factory","id":"A406"},"association":{"text":"manufacturer","id":"x33306"},"note":""}],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"porcelain","id":"AAT10662"}],"techniques":[{"text":"gilded","id":"AAT53789"},{"text":"painted","id":"AAT54216"},{"text":"glazed","id":"AAT53914"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Porcelain, painted in enamels and gilt","categories":[{"text":"Ceramics","id":"THES48982"},{"text":"Porcelain","id":"THES48907"},{"text":"Tea, Coffee & Chocolate wares","id":"THES48886"},{"text":"Drinking","id":"THES48965"},{"text":"Politics","id":"THES48908"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"CER","id":"THES48594"},"images":["2014GW9974","2014GW9970","2014GW9975","2009CB6397","2006AG7086","2006BB4640","2006AF7831"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"NTHC","id":"THES49551"},"free":"","case":"SR001","shelf":"BY005","box":"001 (shelf)"}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Cup","id":"AAT43202"}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"France","id":"x28849"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"1793-1800","earliest":"1793-01-01","latest":"1800-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"45","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"01.08.12","earliest":"2012-08-01","latest":"2012-08-01"},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Diameter","value":"8.3","unit":"cm","qualifier":"converted from imperial dimensions in register","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"of cup","note":""},{"dimension":"Diameter","value":"85","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"01.08.12","earliest":"2012-08-01","latest":"2012-08-01"},"part":"top","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"104","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"01.08.12","earliest":"2012-08-01","latest":"2012-08-01"},"part":"including handle","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"'RF / Sevres'","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":"A8728"},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"In blue enamel"},{"content":"","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":"A8728"},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"An ermine in blue enamel for Hirel de Choisy"},{"content":"'GI' in gold for Étienne-Gabriel Girard","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":"A8728"},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":""}],"objectHistory":"From the Bond Collection\nAcquisition type: Purchase ","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Cup, porcelain, painted in enamels and gilt with Republican devices, Sèvres porcelain factory, France, 1793-1800","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"French porcelain of the eighteenth century at the V&A / Christopher Maxwell / London : V&A Publishing, 2009. pp.50-51\r\n \r\n\n\n\r\n"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Maze-Sencier, Alphonse,  'Le livre des collectionneurs', Publisher:  Paris : Librairie Renouard, 1885.  \r\nCh. LES TABATIÈRES HISTORIQUES ET POLITIQUES. \r\n\r\nGombrich, E.H. (1979), THE DREAM OF REASON:SYMBOLISM OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, 2: 187–205.\r\n\r\nHarden, J. David, 'Liberty Caps and Liberty Trees' Past & Present, No. 146 (Feb., 1995), pp. 66-102\r\n\r\nSymbols, Myths and Images of the French Revolution: Essays in Honour of James A. Leith\r\nI. A. N. GERMANI, James A. Leith, R. J. W. Swales, University of Regina. Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. Dept. of History. CPRC Press, 1998 \r\n\n\n\r\n"}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[{"text":"French Revolution","id":"V150"}],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"floral patterns","id":"AAT10135"},{"text":"set squares","id":"AAT22536"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"Cup and saucer\r\nAbout 1793–1800\n\nThis cup and saucer were made at least a year after the Sèvres porcelain factory transferred from royal to state ownership. They show that the production of luxury goods did not stop during the Revolution. The factory adapted some of its designs to reflect political events. Here, Republican symbols include the Phrygian cap, a symbol of liberty, and the new flag of the Republic.\r\n\r\nFrance (Paris)\r\nMade at the Sèvres factory\r\nPorcelain painted in enamels and gilded\r\nWith ‘RF’ monogram for République Française\r\n","date":{"text":"09/12/2015","earliest":"2015-12-09","latest":"2015-12-09"}}],"partNumbers":["770-1877"],"accessionNumberNum":"770","accessionNumberPrefix":"","accessionYear":1877,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":["2025PF9814","2019LN2960","2019LU3414"],"recordModificationDate":"2026-03-26","recordCreationDate":"2004-06-07","availableToBook":false}}