{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O96815"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O96815/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2008BW2298/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2008BW2298/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2008BW2298","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2008BW2299","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2008BW2310","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2008BW2309","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2008BW2311","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2008BW2312","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017KK1599","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017KK1653","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O96815/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O96815","accessionNumber":"2241-1855","objectType":"Wheel lock rifle","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"Arms and armour are rarely associated with art. However, they were influenced by the same design sources as other art forms including architecture, sculpture, goldsmiths' work, stained glass and ceramics. These sources had to be adapted to awkwardly shaped devices required to perform complicated technical functions. Armour and weapons were collected as works of art as much as military tools.\r\n\r\nThis wheel-lock rifle has a mechanism that enabled it to be carried loaded. The jaws of the lock clamped a piece of flint or a piece or pyrites designed to rub against the rough edge of the wheel projecting into the pan. The wheel was revolved at speed by a tightly coiled spring, wound by a separate spanner, and released when the gun's trigger was pulled causing sparks to ignite the gunpowder in the breech.\r\n\r\nSketches for wheel-locks were made by Leonardo da Vinci but their first common use was in Germany in around 1520 and they continued in use until the late seventeenth century. They were the first devices to fire guns mechanically and accelerated the development of firearms by negating the need for long and dangerous 'match' cords which had to be kept dry. \r\n\r\nAs technical devices wheel-lock guns attracted princely collectors. Many are finely chiselled and engraved as works of art, some even on their insides, to be taken apart and reassembled at pleasure. The stocks were also often decorated with fine bone and horn inlays drawing on the skills of furniture makers and engravers. Wheel-lock guns were expensive, however, and most ordinary gunners were equipped with the older style match-locks until well into the seventeenth century.","physicalDescription":"The walnut stock is inlaid with engraved staghorn panels within strapwork and with iron plaques, formerly blued, to which are applied pierced gilt bronze panels. On the butt-trap cover are the initials 'F.F.', presumably of the engraver. The iron heel-plate, to which is applied a gilt bronze plaque of a lady on horseback after a woodcut by Jost Amman. Lock of bright steel, formerly blued, to which are applied gilt bronze masks and a panel of starpwork surmounted by a female term. The working parts of the lock are each numbered 10. The octagonal barrel, rifled with eight grooves, formerly blued but now bright, bears the initials 'G.G.' and the date 1606 for Georg Geissler of Dresden, gunmaker to the Elector Christian II of Saxony. Underneath is stamped a cross. The breech end has a brass housing. Back and foresights are surmounted by cast and gilt scrollwork.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Geissler, Georg","id":"A12184"},"association":{"text":"maker","id":"AAT251917"},"note":"Gunsmith"}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"iron","id":"AAT11002"},{"text":"steel","id":"AAT133751"},{"text":"gilt bronze","id":"x35084"},{"text":"walnut","id":"AAT12476"},{"text":"horn","id":"AAT11826"}],"techniques":[{"text":"colouring","id":"AAT53043"},{"text":"engraving (incising)","id":"AAT53829"},{"text":"piercing","id":"AAT231153"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Blued iron and steel with gilt bronze decoration","categories":[{"text":"Arms & Armour","id":"THES48992"},{"text":"Firearms","id":"THES49007"},{"text":"Metalwork","id":"THES48920"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"MET","id":"THES48599"},"images":["2008BW2298","2008BW2299","2008BW2310","2008BW2309","2008BW2311","2008BW2312","2017KK1599","2017KK1653"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"5","id":"THES49787"},"free":"","case":"CA11","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Wheel lock rifle","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Germany","id":"x28873"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"1606","earliest":"1606-01-01","latest":"1606-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Ex Bernal Collection","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Length","value":"123.3","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"31/07/2012","earliest":"2012-07-31","latest":"2012-07-31"},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Height","value":"16.8","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"31/07/2012","earliest":"2012-07-31","latest":"2012-07-31"},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Depth","value":"11.0","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"31/07/2012","earliest":"2012-07-31","latest":"2012-07-31"},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Weight","value":"4.16","unit":"kg","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"Engraved initials \"FF\" on the butt trap","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"Presumably the initials of the engraver"}],"objectHistory":"Formerly in the Bernal Collection.","historicalContext":"Arms and armour are rarely associated with art. However, they were influenced by the same design sources as other art forms including architecture, sculpture, goldsmiths' work, stained glass and ceramics. These sources had to be adapted to awkwardly shaped devices required to perform complicated technical functions. Armour and weapons were collected as works of art as much as military tools.\r\n\r\nThis wheel-lock rifle has a mechanism that enabled it to be carried loaded. The jaws of the lock clamped a piece of flint or a piece or pyrites designed to rub against the rough edge of the wheel projecting into the pan. The wheel was revolved at speed by a tightly coiled spring, wound by a separate spanner, and released when the gun's trigger was pulled causing sparks to ignite the gunpowder in the breech.\r\n\r\nSketches for wheel-locks were made by Leonardo da Vinci but their first common use was in Germany in around 1520 and they continued in use until the late seventeenth century. They were the first devices to fire guns mechanically and accelerated the development of firearms by negating the need for long and dangerous 'match' cords which had to be kept dry. \r\n\r\nAs technical devices wheel-lock guns attracted princely collectors. Many are finely chiselled and engraved as works of art, some even on their insides, to be taken apart and reassembled at pleasure. The stocks were also often decorated with fine bone and horn inlays drawing on the skills of furniture makers and engravers. Wheel-lock guns were expensive, however, and most ordinary gunners were equipped with the older style match-locks until well into the seventeenth century.","briefDescription":"Wheel lock rifle, Saxon (Dresden), dated 1606, Ex Bernal Collection","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Hayward, J. F., <u>European Firearms</u>. London : HMSO, 1969."}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["2241-1855"],"accessionNumberNum":"2241","accessionNumberPrefix":"","accessionYear":1855,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":["2019LT9398"],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-12","recordCreationDate":"2004-03-15","availableToBook":false}}