{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O9614"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O9614/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2009BX3687/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2009BX3687/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2009BX3687","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2009BY1323","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AU0464","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017KB3641","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017KL2549","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O9614/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O9614","accessionNumber":"IS.2:69-1896","objectType":"Painting","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"This page of the <i>Akbarnama</i> depicts the 'jauhar', or burning, of the Rajput women following the fall of the fortress of Chitor in 1568. The women perished rather than be captured by the enemy, and it is thought that as many as 300 women died.Akbar ordered thousands of Rajput men to be killed after the Mughal victory in retaliation for their fierce resistance.\r\n\r\nThe <i>Akbarnama</i> was commissioned by the emperor Akbar as the official chronicle of his reign. It was written by his court historian and biographer Abu'l Fazl between 1590 and 1596 and is thought to have been illustrated between about 1592 and 1594  by at least 49 different artists from Akbar's studio. After Akbar's death in 1605, the manuscript remained in the library of his son, Jahangir (r. 1605-1627) and later Shah Jahan (r. 1628-1658). The Victoria and Albert Museum purchased it in 1896 from Mrs Frances Clarke, the widow of Major-General John Clarke, who bought it in India while serving as  Commissioner of Oudh between 1858 and 1862.","physicalDescription":"Painting, in opaque watercolour and gold on paper, the Jauhar, or the burning of the Rajput women during the siege of the fortress of Chitor in 1568. The royal Mughal tents, identifiable by their red colour, are at lower left of the composition, behind the firing lines of the Mughal cannon. Above a blank text panel, at top right, the women of the fort are about to be consumed by flames which spurt out into the margin of the page.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"paper","id":"AAT14109"},{"text":"opaque watercolour","id":"x35013"},{"text":"paint","id":"AAT15029"}],"techniques":[{"text":"painted","id":"AAT54216"},{"text":"drawing","id":"x32498"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Painted in opaque watercolour and gold on paper","categories":[{"text":"Paintings","id":"THES48917"},{"text":"Manuscripts","id":"THES48922"},{"text":"Illustration","id":"THES48938"},{"text":"Images Online","id":"THES48937"},{"text":"Military","id":"THES250701"},{"text":"Bonita Trust Indian Paintings Cataloguing Project","id":"THES263148"}],"styles":[{"text":"Mughal","id":"AAT18939"},{"text":"Akbar","id":""}],"collectionCode":{"text":"SSEA","id":"THES48598"},"images":["2009BX3687","2009BY1323","2006AU0464","2017KB3641","2017KL2549"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"002","id":"THES403517"},"free":"","case":"","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"painting","id":"AAT33618"}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Mughal Empire","id":"THES262021"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1590-95","earliest":"1585-01-01","latest":"1595-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[{"object":{"text":"IS.2:68-1896","id":"O9616"},"association":""},{"object":{"text":"IS.2:67-1896","id":"O9617"},"association":""}],"creditLine":"Purchased from Mrs. Clarke, The Dingle, Sydenham Hill, S. E","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"32","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"painting","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"19.2","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"painting","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"The Akbarnama, or \"Book of Akbar\", was commissioned by the emperor Akbar as the official chronicle of his reign. It was written by 1590 and 1596 and is thought to have been illustrated between ca. 1592 and 1594  by at least forty-nine different artists from Akbar's studio. After Akbar's death in 1605, the manuscript remained in the library of his son, Jahangir (r.1605-1627) and later Shah Jahan (r.1628-1658). The Victoria and Albert Museum purchased it in 1896 from Mrs. Frances Clarke, the widow of Major General John Clarke, an official who had been the Commissioner in Oudh province between 1858 and 1862.\r\n\r\nHistorical significance: It is thought to be the first illustrated copy of the Akbarnama. It drew upon the expertise of some of the best royal painters of the time, many of whom receive special mention by Abu'l Fazl in the A'in-i-Akbari, the third volume of the Akbarnama. The inscriptions in red ink on the bottom of the paintings refer to the artists and indicate that this was a royal copy.\r\n\r\nPurchased from Mrs. Clarke, The Dingle, Sydenham Hill, S. E. This acquisition information reflects that found in the Museum records (Asia Department registers and/or Central Inventory) as part of a 2023 provenance research project.\r\n\r\nRegistered Papers: 85488/95","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Painting, <i>Akbarnama</i>, burning of the Rajput women, opaque watercolour and gold on paper, Mughal, ca. 1590-95","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Susan Stronge, Painting for the Mughal Emperor. The Art of the Book 1560-1650, V&a Publications, 2002, pl. 55, p. 85."}],"production":"The artists are unidentified.\r\nThe attribution place is likely to be Lahore.","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"The Jauhar, or the burning of the Rajput women during the siege of the fortress of Chitor in 1568. The royal Mughal tents, identifiable by their red colour, are at lower left of the composition, behind the firing lines of the Mughal cannon.","contentPlaces":[{"text":"Rajasthan","id":"x29841"}],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[{"text":"Fazl, Abu'l","id":"N104"}],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"tents","id":"AAT5694"},{"text":"women","id":"AAT25943"},{"text":"fire","id":"AAT68986"},{"text":"cannon","id":"AAT36936"},{"text":"battle","id":"AAT185692"}],"contentConcepts":[{"text":"battle","id":"x35625"}],"contentLiteraryRefs":["Akbarnama"],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["IS.2:69-1896"],"accessionNumberNum":"2","accessionNumberPrefix":"IS","accessionYear":1896,"otherNumbers":[{"type":{"text":"inscription/original number","id":"THES51028"},"number":"154"}],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-12","recordCreationDate":"1998-11-11","availableToBook":true}}