{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O95606"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O95606/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2019MK4306/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2019MK4306/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2019MK4306","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O95606/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O95606","accessionNumber":"M.7-1996","objectType":"Sugar bowl","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"This sugar bowl (part of a tea and coffee service), was made by Gustav Klingert who ran one of the most important late 19th century enamel workshops in Moscow. The firm was founded in 1865 and had 55 employees until it closed in 1917. Examples of the enamel work was shown at a number of international exhibitions, including the Chicago World fair of 1893. These enamel products were very popular with the conservative middle and merchant classes from the mid nineteenth century until the revolution in 1917. They all follow the same formula of geometrically arranged foliage in brilliant opaque colours. It was through firm's like Gustav Klingert that the fame of Russian enamel work spread throughout Europe.\r\n\r\nCloisonné decoration used enamel on a metal base.The design is outlined by metal fillets (Cloisons) secured to the metal and the enclosed spaces are filled with coloured enamels which are then fired.","physicalDescription":"Sugar bowl, silver, parcel-gilt and cloisonné enamel, circular flat base, the concave sides decorated with cloisonné enamel using foliate, geometric and rosette motifs in bright primary colours, set against a stippled background, the rim and foot with a band of pale blue beads, the swing, hoop handle also with beaded edges, the interior gilt.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Klingert, Gustav","id":"A10718"},"association":{"text":"maker","id":"AAT251917"},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"silver","id":"AAT11029"},{"text":"gold","id":"AAT11021"},{"text":"enamel","id":"x39039"}],"techniques":[{"text":"raising","id":"AAT237068"},{"text":"gilding","id":"AAT53789"},{"text":"enamelling","id":"x37485"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Silver gilt and cloissoné enamel","categories":[{"text":"Enamels","id":"THES48876"},{"text":"Metalwork","id":"THES48920"},{"text":"Silver","id":"THES251836"},{"text":"Tea, Coffee & Chocolate wares","id":"THES48886"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"MET","id":"THES48599"},"images":["2019MK4306"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"015","id":"THES337181"},"free":"","case":"","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Sugar Bowl","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Moscow","id":"x32457"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1900","earliest":"1895-01-01","latest":"1904-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Given by Mrs Diana King.","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"13.3","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Length","value":"12.2","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"bowl","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"7.2","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"foot","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"Given by Mrs. Diana King\n\nHistorical significance: Gustav Gustavovitch Klingert ran one of the most important late nineteenth century enamel workshops in Moscow.  The firm was founded in 1865 and ran until 1917, with 55 employees at the height of its success.  Work was exhibited at international exhibitions including the Chicago World Fair of 1893.  He also had a representative in Paris.","historicalContext":"Cloisonné is an enamelling technique in which thin strips of metal are soldered edge-on to a metal surface. The resulting cells (cloisons) are filled with the enamel. This style was popular with the conservative middle and merchant classes in Russia during the second half of the century until the Revolution of 1917. It was symptomatic of a Russian trend towards traditional, 'national' styles in the decorative arts. Klingert's workshop was one of the most prominent of the Moscow enamelling firms. They had an international outlook, exhibiting at exhibitions such as the Chicago World Fair of 1893. It was through the exports of firms such as Klingert's that the fame of Russia's enamel ware spread through Europe.","briefDescription":"Sugar bowl, silver, parcel gilt and cloisonné enamel, Moscow, mark of Gustav Klingert, ca.1900.","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Solokoff A. <u>Russian Gold and Silver</u>, London 1981."}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"flowers","id":"x35571"},{"text":"stylised leaves","id":"x30670"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["M.7-1996"],"accessionNumberNum":"7","accessionNumberPrefix":"M","accessionYear":1996,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-30","recordCreationDate":"2004-03-03","availableToBook":true}}