{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O94221"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O94221/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2009CC4600/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2009CC4600/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2009CC4600","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2009CC6780","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2009CC6775","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2007BM3787","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017JX4328","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O94221/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O94221","accessionNumber":"A.3-1933","objectType":"Tableman","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"Backgammon in its various versions, has existed for at least 6000 years and has the longest recorded history of any board game. The popularity of the game in western Europe in the twelfth century may have been a result of contact with the East where it was very popular. This playing piece was almost certainly produced in a Cologne workshop which specialised in the production of tablemen in the second half of the 12th century and exhibits the distinctive zigzag borders with inserted beads. The figure shown is undoubtedly the personification of Ophiuchus, or Serpentarius, the 13th of the zodiacal constellations (formerly wrongly identified as Hercules fighting a snake). This naked figure is depicted grappling with a large snake in very similar manner in a number of early medieval astrological manuscripts, from the celebrated Carolingian Leiden Ararea onwards through to the 12th and 13th centuries, and it is likely that such an image served as model.\r\nIt is possible therefore that the piece belonged to a set devoted mostly to the signs of the zodiac, and that the opposing side might have been made up of pieces showing the labours of the months and other related images.","physicalDescription":"Circular walrus ivory, the border with zig zag ornament and inserted circles. It depicts a naked man fighting a large snake, which wraps itself around his body. Draughtsman, unusally large and bold in design.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"elephant ivory","id":"x35861"}],"techniques":[{"text":"carving","id":"AAT53149"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Elephant Ivory","categories":[{"text":"Games","id":"THES48947"},{"text":"Sculpture","id":"THES48896"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"SCP","id":"THES48600"},"images":["2009CC4600","2009CC6780","2009CC6775","2007BM3787","2017JX4328"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"8 (VA)","id":"THES49714"},"free":"","case":"CA10","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Tableman","id":""}],[{"text":"Game piece","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Cologne","id":"x28796"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1150","earliest":"1145-01-01","latest":"1154-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Bequeathed by Mr Henry Oppenheimer through Art Fund","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Thickness","value":"1.3","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Diameter","value":"7.3","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Weight","value":"0.06","unit":"kg","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"Measured for the Medieval and Renaissance Galleries","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"Formerly in the J.M. Soyter Collection, Augsburg until 1871 and Bonaffe Antokolski Collection until 1901. Bequeathed by Henry Oppenheimer in 1933.\n\nHistorical significance: The figure was previously wrongly identified as Hercules.\r\nThe figure shown is undoubtedly the personification of Ophiuchus, or Serpentarius, the 13th of the zodiacal constellations. This naked figure is depicted grappling with a large snake in very similar manner in a number of early medieval astrological manuscripts, from the celebrated Carolingian Leiden Ararea onwards through to the 12th and 13th centuries, and it is likely that such an image served as model.\r\nIt is possible therefore that the piece belonged to a set devoted mostly to the signs of the zodiac, and that the opposing side might have been made up of pieces showing the labours of the months and other related images.","historicalContext":"This backgammon piece was almost certainly produced in a Cologne workshop, which was specialised in the production of tablemen in the mid of the 12th century and exhibits the distinctive zigzag borders with inserted beads.","briefDescription":"Tableman, elephant ivory, depicting Ophiuchus, the 13th of the zodiacal constellations, Cologne, ca. 1150","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Paul Williamson, <u>The Medieval Treasury.</u> London, 1986, p.113."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Mann, Vivian B. <u>Romanesque Ivory Tablemen</u> New York University. PhD dissertation. 1977. cat. no. 114,"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Goldschmidt, A. <font -u>Die Elfenbeinskulpturen aus romanischen Zeit. XI. Bis XIII. Jahrhundert</font>  (Elfenbeinskulpturen III), Berlin, 1923 (reprinted, Berlin, 1972), cat.no. 171"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Beckwith, J. <u>Ivory Carvings in Early Medieval England</u>, London, 1972, cat. no. 117, fig. 221"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Williamson, Paul. <u>Medieval Ivory Carvings. Early Christian to Romanesque</u>. London, V&A Publishing, Victoria and Albert Museum, 2010, pp. 424-5 , cat.no. 112"},{"reference":{"text":"Williamson, Paul, and Motture, Peta (eds.), <u>Medieval and Renaissance Treasures</u>, Victoria and Albert Museum, London, 2010","id":"AUTH334230"},"details":"","free":""},{"reference":{"text":"<i>Catalogue of an exhibition of carvings in ivory</i>, London : Privately printed for the Burlington Fine Arts Club, 1923","id":"AUTH357808"},"details":"81","free":""}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"snake (animal)","id":"x30204"},{"text":"man","id":"x35641"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["A.3-1933"],"accessionNumberNum":"3","accessionNumberPrefix":"A","accessionYear":1933,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":["2019LM5858","2019LN6405","2019LU7310"],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-07","recordCreationDate":"2004-03-01","availableToBook":false}}