{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O93277"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O93277/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2009BY8528/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2009BY8528/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2009BY8528","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AY6367","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AM7926","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AE9589","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2015HX4141","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017KB5135","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2019LY0785","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O93277/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O93277","accessionNumber":"7632-1861","objectType":"Roundel","titles":[{"title":"January","type":"generic title"},{"title":"The Labours of the Months","type":"series title"}],"summaryDescription":"The decoration was said to create ‘the greatest admiration in whoever enters the room’ and doubtless reminded Piero of country life at the family villas. The design of each roundel is based on contemporary agricultural practice as well as descriptions of agriculture in classical texts - one important source being Columella’s De Re Rustica, a 1st century treatise that appears in Piero's inventory on 1465. The light and dark blue around the border indicate the periods of light and darkness. The hours of daylight are noted on the right. At the top of each tile is the sun in the appropriate house of the zodiac.\r\n\tRecent restoration has revealed that the tiles were not round but square. Each has ribs along the back.  These add strength to the tile, and also reduce the bulk of the clay to prevent problems in firing. The curve of each panel allows us to determine where it would have been placed within the barrel-vaulted ceiling.\r\n\r\n\tThe study that Piero de' Medici created in the family palace in Florence was a miniature treasury, famous throughout Italy. According to the architect and sculptor Filarete, 'the floor as well as the ceiling [was] enamelled with most worthy figures, so that whoever enters is filled with admiration'. These glazed terracotta scenes, which look like drawings on blue-prepared paper, formed part of the rich ceiling decoration. Luca’s use of pigments and glazes to produce these unique works was an extraordinary technical achievement.","physicalDescription":"Medallion or roundel, 'The Labours of the Months; January', blue, white and yellow tin-glazed terracotta. The roundel shows the labours of one of the twelve months, here  January - a man felling trees; with the sign of Aquarius. The circular border is coloured dark and light blue to indicate the relative periods of light and darkness and has an inscription giving the number of daylight hours. At the top of the roundel is the Zodiac sign for Aquarius, and opposite it a crescent moon. The roundel is bordered with a white leaf-moulding in low relief.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"della Robbia, Luca","id":"A2359"},"association":{"text":"maker","id":"AAT251917"},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"terracotta","id":"AAT10669"}],"techniques":[{"text":"tin-glazing","id":"x36216"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Blue, white and yellow tin-glazed terracotta","categories":[{"text":"Sculpture","id":"THES48896"},{"text":"Ceramics","id":"THES48982"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"SCP","id":"THES48600"},"images":["2009BY8528","2006AY6367","2006AM7926","2006AE9589","2015HX4141","2017KB5135","2019LY0785"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"64 (VA)","id":"THES49735"},"free":"","case":"SS","shelf":"CEILING","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Roundel","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Florence","id":"x28848"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1450-1456","earliest":"1445-01-01","latest":"1456-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[{"object":{"text":"7633-1861","id":"O93281"},"association":"Set"},{"object":{"text":"7634-1861","id":"O93282"},"association":""},{"object":{"text":"7635-1861","id":"O93285"},"association":""},{"object":{"text":"7636-1861","id":"O93289"},"association":""},{"object":{"text":"7637-1861","id":"O93291"},"association":""},{"object":{"text":"7638-1861","id":"O93293"},"association":""},{"object":{"text":"7639-1861","id":"O70187"},"association":""},{"object":{"text":"7640-1861","id":"O93294"},"association":""},{"object":{"text":"7641-1861","id":"O93299"},"association":""},{"object":{"text":"7642-1861","id":"O93302"},"association":""},{"object":{"text":"7643-1861","id":"O93303"},"association":""}],"creditLine":"","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Diameter","value":"59.7","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Height","value":"62","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"61","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Depth","value":"10.5","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"Measured for the Medieval and Renaissance Galleries 2005","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"DIES (left), ORE 91/4 (right), IANVARIS (base)","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"border inscribed"}],"objectHistory":"This and the other roundels (7633-1861 to 7643-1861 / February-December) seem to have been commissioned from Luca della Robbia about 1450-56 to decorate the ceiling of the study of Piero de' Medici in the Palazzo Medici in Florence. This study was a miniature treasury, famous throughout Italy.\r\nPurchased from the Gigli Campana collection, £60 each.","historicalContext":"According to descriptions by Vasari and by architect and sculptor Filarete in his Treatise on Architecture, the floor of this room was also composed of glazed terracotta tiles. The room was destroyed in the course of the reconstruction of the palace after its sale (1659) to the Riccardi. From the axis of the curvature of the twelve roundels it may be inferred that the study of Piero de' Medici was a small room with a barrel vault some ten feet wide and sixteen feet long and that the roundels were set in three rows of four. According to Filarete, 'the floor is well as the ceiling [was] enamelled with most worthy figures, so that whoever enters is filled with admiration'.","briefDescription":"Roundel, 'The Labours of the Months - January', blue, white and yellow tin-glazed terracotta, by Luca della Robbia, Italy (Florence), about 1450-56","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Inventory of Art Objects Acquired in the Year 1861 <u>In</u>: <u>Inventory of the Objects in the Art Division of the Museum at South Kensington, Arranged According to the Dates of their Acquisition. Vol I</u>. London: Printed by George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode for H.M.S.O., 1868, p. 10"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Pope-Hennessy, John. <u>Luca della Robbia</u>. Oxford, 1980, pp. 42-5, 54, 240-2, col.pls.x-xiii, pls. 63-71"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Maclagan, Eric and Longhurst, Margaret H. <u>Catalogue of Italian Sculpture. Text</u>. London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1932, pp. 31-32."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Pope-Hennessy, John, assisted by Lightbown, Ronald, <u>Catalogue of Italian Sculpture in the Victoria and Albert Museum</u>, London: HMSO 1964 (3 volumes), vol. 1, pp. 104-108."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Raggio, Olga, \"Catalogue of Italian Sculpture in the Victoria and Albert Museum\" in <u>Art Bulletin</u>, Vol. L, 1968, p. 100."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Gentilini, Giancarlo, ed. <u>I Della Robbia, La Scultura invetriata nel Rinascimento</u>. Florence: 1992, p. 65, illus."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Pianazza, Murielle, 'Giovan Pietro Campana Collezionista, Archeologo, Banchiere e il suo legame con Firenze', in <u>Mitteilungen des Kunsthiostorischen Institutes in Florenz</u>, vol. XXXVII, 1993, 2/3, p. 452."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Thornton, Dora, <u>The scholar in his study: ownership and experience in Renaissance Italy</u>, Yale University Press: New Haven and New York, 1997, pp. 49-51, figs. 32a and b."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Christiansen, Keith (ed.), <i>From Filippo Lippi to Piero della Francesca: Fra Carnevale and the Making of a Renaissance Master</i>, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Yale University Press, 2005, cat. 25, pp.198-199."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Ajmar-Wollheim, Marta and Flora Dennis, <u>At Home in Renaissance Italy</u>, London: V&A Publishing, 2006, cat. 216."}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"man","id":"AAT25928"},{"text":"logger","id":"AAT25610"},{"text":"aquarius","id":"AAT169856"},{"text":"axes","id":"AAT24664"},{"text":"huts","id":"AAT4824"},{"text":"trees","id":"AAT132410"},{"text":"moon","id":"x30118"}],"contentConcepts":[{"text":"time","id":"AAT133089"},{"text":"seasons","id":"AAT133091"},{"text":"winter","id":"AAT133101"}],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"The design of each roundel is based on contemporary agricultural practice as well as descriptions of agriculture in classical texts - one important source being Columella's De Re Rustica, a 1st century treatise that appears in Piero's inventory on 1465. The light and dark blue around the border indicate the periods of light and darkness. The hours of daylight are noted on the right. At the top of each tile is the sun in the appropriate house of the zodiac.\r\nRecent restoration has revealed that the tiles were not round but square. Each has ribs along the back. These add strength to the tile, and also reduce the bulk of the clay to prevent problems in firing. The curve of each panel allows us to determine where it would have been placed within the barrel-vaulted ceiling.\r\n\r\nThe study that Piero de' Medici created in the family palace in Florence was a miniature treasury, famous throughout Italy. According to the architect and sculptor Filarete, 'the floor as well as the ceiling [was] enamelled with most worthy figures, so that whoever enters is filled with admiration'.\r\nThese glazed terracotta scenes, which look like drawings on blue-prepared paper, formed part of the rich ceiling decoration. Luca's use of pigments and glazes to produce these unique works was an extraordinary technical achievement.","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null}}],"partNumbers":["7632-1861"],"accessionNumberNum":"7632","accessionNumberPrefix":"","accessionYear":1861,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":["2019LN0881","2019LN2593","2019LR2771","2019LR2573","2019LU4929"],"recordModificationDate":"2026-02-10","recordCreationDate":"2004-02-19","availableToBook":false}}