{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O89709"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O89709/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2024NT2293/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2024NT2293/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"low","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2024NT2293","copyright":"© Victoria & Albert Museum","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2024NT2295","copyright":"© Victoria & Albert Museum","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":null},"record":{"systemNumber":"O89709","accessionNumber":"E.70-2003","objectType":"Photograph","titles":[{"title":"Telephone kiosks for whites and non-whites","type":"generic title"},{"title":"House of Bondage","type":"series title"}],"summaryDescription":"Ernest Cole is best known for his radical, visceral, and unflinching images of black life in his native country of South Africa, and his adopted home of the United States. Documenting the realities of Apartheid (the racial segregation of black and white citizens), Cole was initially inspired by the American Civil Rights Movement, and from the 1950’s went to work documenting the racial oppression evident across the nation. \n\r\nLimited by travel restrictions unfairly enforced upon black citizens, Cole had his legal records reclassified as ‘Coloured’ (Mixed Raced). This new ethnic classification allowed for freer movement and eventually catalysed the photojournalist to apply for a passport. While under pressure from police authorities, he undertook a self-imposed ‘exile’, travelling first to the UK before landing in the United States. There, he continued his documentation of black life. \n\r\nHis book <i>House of Bondage</i>, published in the United States in 1967, and banned in South Africa, gave an unblinking look into the daily violence of segregated oppression. The photographer described the book as   the ‘extraordinary experience to live as though life were a punishment for being black’.\n\r\n","physicalDescription":"Black and white photograph (gelatin-silver print) showing telephone kiosks for whites and non-whites in South Africa, from the 'House of Bondage' series.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Cole, Ernest","id":"A11537"},"association":{"text":"photographer","id":"AAT25687"},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[],"techniques":[],"materialsAndTechniques":"Gelatine-silver print","categories":[{"text":"Photographs","id":"THES48910"},{"text":"Africa","id":"THES49019"},{"text":"Black History","id":"THES48989"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"PDP","id":"THES48595"},"images":["2024NT2293","2024NT2295"],"imageResolution":"low","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"LVLF","id":"THES49656"},"free":"","case":"X","shelf":"916","box":"C"}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"photograph","id":"AAT46300"}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"South Africa","id":"x30058"},"association":{"text":"photographed","id":"x30151"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"1966-1967","earliest":"1966-01-01","latest":"1967-12-31"},"association":{"text":"photographed","id":"x30151"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Given by John and Judith Hillelson","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"25.3","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"sheet","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"20.2","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"sheet","note":""},{"dimension":"Height","value":"23.8","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"image","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"16.1","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"image","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Black and white photograph showing telephone kiosks for use by whites and non-whites in South Africa, from the 'House of Bondage' series by Ernest Cole, 1966-67","bibliographicReferences":[],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["E.70-2003"],"accessionNumberNum":"70","accessionNumberPrefix":"E","accessionYear":2003,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-05-09","recordCreationDate":"2004-01-19","availableToBook":false}}