{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O89103"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O89103/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AK4336/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AK4336/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2006AK4336","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O89103/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O89103","accessionNumber":"2073-1855","objectType":"Candlestick","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"From the 14th until the 17th centuries, brass candlesticks appeared in all but the most prosperous houses. Socketed candlesticks made their appearance in the late 13th century and thereafter became relatively common, replacing the earlier pricket form, at least for domestic use. The earliest sockets were polygonal in cross-section. By the 15th century they were round. At first, two vertical apertures opposite each other were cut into the sides if each socket, in order to facilitate the extraction of the burnt-out stub. As the production of cheap tallow candles became more sophisticated the size of these apertures became correspondingly smaller. By the second half of the 16th century the apertures were small circular holes, until finally in the 18th century they disappeared altogether.\r\n\r\nThe form of stem and the base of the late medieval candlestick is the result of a complicated interplay between two typological currents. The first type naturally evolved from the simple European pricket candlestick, where the shaft is supported on three legs. The second type originated in the Near East. As early as the 13th century the characteristic Near Eastern brass candlestick had a high cylindrical or slightly conical base surmounted by a flat circular wax pan and a short circular stem. These were introduced into Europe by the Muslim community in Venice from the 14th century. \r\n\r\nDuring the 15th and 16th centuries, an interesting variation replaced the conventional shaft with a model of a human figure in contemporary dress; the outstretched arms supporting either a socket or a pricket with a drip tray immediately underneath.","physicalDescription":"The candlestick stem is formed as a figure in contemporary German costume, holding up two nozzles for lights.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"Brass","id":"AAT10946"},{"text":"Bronze","id":"AAT10957"}],"techniques":[],"materialsAndTechniques":"Brass or bronze","categories":[{"text":"Metalwork","id":"THES48920"},{"text":"Lighting","id":"THES48925"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"MET","id":"THES48599"},"images":["2006AK4336"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"CA001","id":"THES388271"},"free":"","case":"","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Candlestick","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Germany","id":"x28873"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"early 16th century","earliest":"1500-01-01","latest":"1550-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"227","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"172","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"Purchased at the auction by Christie's of the collection of Ralph  Bernal (1783-1854), politician and art collector, in 1855.  He held a  seat in the House of Commons from 1815-52. After his death the  Society of Arts proposed without success that the Government  should buy his entire collection for the Museum of Ornamental Art  then at Marlborough House which became the future South  Kensington Museum, now the Victoria and Albert Museum.  730 lots  were acquired for Marlborough House (Anthony Burton, Vision &  Accident, V&A Publications, 1999, p. 34).\r\n\r\n\tAfter his father's death in 1811, Bernal inherited three large sugar  estates and over 500 enslaved people in Jamaica.  'In 1835 and  1836 he was awarded compensation for slave ownership  amounting to over £11,450' (Helen Davies, Ralph Bernal, Oxford  Dictionary of National Biography, version dated 11 March 2021).","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Brass or bronze candlestick of a figure in German costume, German, early 16th century","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Jemma Davey and Angus Patterson, \"Fashionably Dated: A 'Landsknecht' Candlestick at the Victoria and Albert Museum\", <u>The Journal of the Antique Metalware Society</u>, Vol. 20, June 2012, pp. 34-41, ill. p. 36"}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"Figure, Male","id":"x31047"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["2073-1855"],"accessionNumberNum":"2073","accessionNumberPrefix":"","accessionYear":1855,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-02-28","recordCreationDate":"2004-01-12","availableToBook":false}}