{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O88713"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O88713/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AE9244/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AE9244/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2006AE9244","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AG3439","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017JU9170","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O88713/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O88713","accessionNumber":"A.10-1916","objectType":"Relief","titles":[{"title":"The Crucifixion","type":"generic title"}],"summaryDescription":"The techniques used in carving in wood and stone were fundamentally the same. First the sculptor carved the rough shape of the piece, a process known as ‘blocking out’. Then, he would work the surface with knives or chisels and abrasives. The figure was generally held horizontally at a workbench and attached to cylindrical shafts, so the sculptor could turn the piece as he carved. Small-scale pieces were generally carved at a workbench. \r\n\r\nThe relief shows the range of effects made possible by the relative softness of alabaster. The sculptor has carved the figures in the foreground in high relief, but rendered the background – with the city of Jerusalem, the clouds and mountains – in low relief. This gives the scene a sense of perspective.\r\n\r\nThere are two sorts of alabaster. Calcite alabaster is very hard and was used in ancient times. This object is made of gypsum alabaster which is a fine-grained, soft and smooth stone. Although at first glance it looks a little like marble, which it was intended to imitate, it was much easier to carve due to its softness, and alabaster objects were therefore significantly cheaper to produce. England was a major centre for the production of objects such as this one. During period, they were exported in very large numbers to Europe where they survive, unlike many examples which remained in England and were destroyed or greatly damaged during the Reformation.","physicalDescription":"Relief in alabaster of the Crucifixion. Semicircular top. The head of Christ and the heads of the five figures in the front plane - the Virgin, St. John the Evangelist, St. Mary Magdalene, Joseph of Arimathea and a soldier - are carved in the round.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"alabaster","id":"AAT11101"}],"techniques":[{"text":"carving","id":"AAT53149"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Carved alabaster","categories":[{"text":"Christianity","id":"THES48978"},{"text":"Sculpture","id":"THES48896"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"SCP","id":"THES48600"},"images":["2006AE9244","2006AG3439","2017JU9170"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"111","id":"THES49918"},"free":"","case":"CA001","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Relief the Crucifixion","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Germany","id":"x28873"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":"north, possibly"},{"place":{"text":"Netherlands","id":"x29020"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":"possibly"}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1580","earliest":"1575-01-01","latest":"1584-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Given by Forbes E. Hallett, Esq.","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"16","unit":"in","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"11 1/4","unit":"in","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Relief, The Crucifixion, carved alabaster, North German or Netherlandish, ca. 1580","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Trusted, Majorie. ed. <font -u>The Making of Sculpture: the Materials and Techniques of European Sculpture.</font> London: V&A Publications, 2007. p. 112. pl. 201."}],"production":"German or Netherlandish","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[{"text":"Mary (Virgin Mary)","id":"N480"},{"text":"Jesus Christ","id":"N2525"},{"text":"Saint John","id":"N103"},{"text":"Mary Magdalene (Saint)","id":"N482"},{"text":"Joseph (of Arimethaea)","id":"N1474"}],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[{"text":"The Crucifixion","id":"V106"}],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"crucifix","id":"AAT248835"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["A.10-1916"],"accessionNumberNum":"10","accessionNumberPrefix":"A","accessionYear":1916,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":["2019LN2387","2019LP5333","2019LT9923"],"recordModificationDate":"2026-05-14","recordCreationDate":"2004-01-07","availableToBook":false}}