{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O87519"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O87519/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2013GB2248/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2013GB2248/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2013GB2248","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GB2101","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GB2110","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GB2117","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GB2186","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GB2192","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GB2223","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GB2225","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006BB2127","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017KB7710","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017KE2149","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O87519/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O87519","accessionNumber":"214-1865","objectType":"Pastoral staff head","titles":[{"title":"Virgin and Child and Crucifixion","type":"generic title"}],"summaryDescription":"This is the head of a pastoral staff in elephant ivory, carved representing the Virgin and Child between two Angels and the Crucifixion. It is made in about 1330-13540 in Paris. Ivory was used all over Europe for religious works of art. It was often combined with precious metals and usually took the form of relief panels, for book covers, portable altars and caskets. An almost unbroken tradition of ivory carving extends from the Roman and Byzantine empires until the end of the 14th century. From about 1250, Paris became the centre of production for figures and reliefs intended for private devotion.\n\nThe name crozier is commonly used for the crook-shaped pastoral staff of a bishop or abbot. It forms part of their insignia. \r\nIt was carried as a symbol of authority and pastoral care. It was made of various materials, but by the twelfth century ivory was in widespread use for the head of the crozier. The shaft was often made of wood, occasionally embellished with metal knops, although on Italian Gothic examples, ivory and bone cylinders were used in construction. French Gothic ivory crozier heads are predominantly of one design, with the Crucifixion and the Virgin and St John on one side and the Virgin and Child, flanked by candle-bearing angels, on the other. It appears that the principal face was that to be seen when the volute of the crozier was facing to the right. \r\n","physicalDescription":"Ivory, head of a pastoral staff; the crook ornamented with a rich vine branch with long stems and small bunches of grapes; the volute filled with a double subject. On the one side is the Virgin standing holding the Child attended by two angels bearing candlesticks; on the other side the Crufixion with the Virgin and St. John. The volute is supported by a full-length angel below, standing on a vine leaf. In excellent condition. ","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"ivory","id":"AAT11857"}],"techniques":[{"text":"carved","id":"AAT53149"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Elephant ivory, with traces of paint and gilding.","categories":[{"text":"Christianity","id":"THES48978"},{"text":"Sculpture","id":"THES48896"},{"text":"Religion","id":"THES48900"},{"text":"Ceremonial objects","id":"THES48981"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"SCP","id":"THES48600"},"images":["2013GB2248","2013GB2101","2013GB2110","2013GB2117","2013GB2186","2013GB2192","2013GB2223","2013GB2225","2006BB2127","2017KB7710","2017KE2149"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"111","id":"THES49918"},"free":"","case":"CA8","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Pastoral staff head","id":""}],[{"text":"Crozier head","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Paris","id":"x29068"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1330-1340","earliest":"1325-01-01","latest":"1340-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"17.5","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"9.5","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"In the possession of John Webb, London, by 1862; purchased from Webb in 1865, for £168.","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Head of a pastoral staff, ivory, French (Paris), about 1330-1340 ","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"Cust, A. M. The ivory workers of the middle ages. London: G. Bell and Sons, 1902.","id":"AUTH410334"},"details":"p.131, fig.27","free":""},{"reference":{"text":"Maskell, A., <u>Ivories</u>, London, 1905","id":"AUTH332726"},"details":"Pl. XLII","free":""},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Inventory of Art Objects acquired in the Year 1865. <font -u>Inventory of the Objects in the Art Division of the Museum at South Kensington, arranged According to the Dates of their Acquisition. Vol. 1.</font> London : Printed by George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode for H.M.S.O., 1868, p. 32"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"<font -u>Les Fastes du Gothique : le Siècle de Charles V.</font> Paris : Éditions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux, 1981, p. 190, Catalogue of the exhibition held at the Galeries Nationales d'Exposition du Grand Palais, Paris, 9 October 1981-1 February 1982"},{"reference":{"text":"Longhurst, Margaret H., <u>Catalogue of Carvings in Ivory</u>. Part II. London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1929","id":"AUTH329986"},"details":"p.34","free":""},{"reference":{"text":"Maskell, W., <u>A Description of the Ivories Ancient and Medieval in the South Kensington Museum</u>, London, 1872","id":"AUTH330219"},"details":"pp. 46-47","free":""},{"reference":{"text":"Koechlin, R., <u>Les Ivoires gothiques français</u>, 3 vols, Paris, 1924 (reprinted Paris 1968)","id":"AUTH332728"},"details":"I, pp. 271, 273, 274, 275; II, cat. no. 765; III, pl. CXXVI","free":""},{"reference":{"text":"Williamson, Paul and Davies, Glyn, <u>Medieval Ivory Carvings, 1200-1550</u>, (in 2 parts), V&A Publishing, Victoria and Albert Museum, London, 2014","id":"AUTH332632"},"details":"part 1, pp. 422-423","free":""}],"production":"Paris School","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[{"text":"Mary (Virgin Mary)","id":"N480"},{"text":"Jesus Christ","id":"N1515"},{"text":"John (Saint John the Baptist)","id":"N450"}],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[{"text":"The Crucifixion","id":"V106"}],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"angels","id":"x30526"},{"text":"candlesticks","id":"AAT37588"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["214-1865"],"accessionNumberNum":"214","accessionNumberPrefix":"","accessionYear":1865,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":["2019LN3106","2019LP1490","2019LV7141","2019LW3809"],"recordModificationDate":"2025-09-29","recordCreationDate":"2003-12-17","availableToBook":false}}