{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O86803"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O86803/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AE7765/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AE7765/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2006AE7765","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AE7744","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006BK7818","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O86803/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O86803","accessionNumber":"LOAN:STEIN.292","objectType":"Banner","titles":[{"title":"The Stein Collection","type":"named collection"}],"summaryDescription":"This silk textile is a Buddhist ritual banner. Such banners were carried aloft hooked on a staff, and they also fluttered from the tops of stupa (domed memorial shrines).\r\n\r\nThis banner was recovered from Cave 17 of the Mogao Grottoes, situated near the oasis town of Dunhuang. This shrine site is one of China’s great Buddhist pilgrimage complexes. The site is part of an area of Central Asia we now call the Silk Road. This series of overland trade routes crossed Asia from China to Europe. The most notable item traded was silk but the Silk Road was also important for the exchange of ideas. While silk textiles travelled west from China, Buddhism travelled east, entering China from India. \r\n\r\nThe explorer and archaeologist Sir Marc Aurel Stein (1862-1943) brought this textile back from Central Asia. The V&A has around 600 ancient and medieval textiles recovered by Stein at the beginning of the 20th century. Some, like this piece, are silk, while others are made from the wool of a variety of different animals.","physicalDescription":"Banner; head, four body panels and four legs intact. Head consists of a border of monochrome plain weave faded red silk and an infill of monochrome plain weave cream silk with clamp-resist dyed pattern of floral lozenge-shaped clusters in blue, green, orange and yellow, also remains of a string suspension loop. First panel consists of one piece of monochrome plain weave faded red silk. Second panel consists of one piece of monochrome plain weave yellow silk. Third panel consists of one piece of monochrome plain weave cream silk with all over clamp-resist dyed pattern of repeating floral lozenge shapes in blue and orange on faded red ground. Fourth panel consists of one piece of monochrome plain weave yellow silk. Legs of monochrome plain weave cream silk. Five split bamboo panel reinforcements intact.\r\n\r\nWeave structures:\r\n1. Head border: Warp: silk, single, light red, 47 warps/cm; Weft: silk, single, light red, 29 wefts/cm; Weave structure: 1/1 plain weave\r\n2. Infill with florets: Warp: silk, single, undyed, 47 warps/cm; Weft: silk, single, undyed, 30 wefts/cm; Weave structure: 1/1 plain weave\r\n3. Panel (same as 1)\r\n4. Panel: Warp: silk, single, light brown, 40 warps/cm; Weft: silk, single, light brown, 42 wefts/cm; Weave structure: 1/1 plain weave\r\n5. Panel with lozenge and floral pattern: Warp: silk, single, undyed, 42 warps/cm; Weft: silk, single, undyed, 28 wefts/cm; Weave structure: 1/1 plain weave\r\n6. Panel (same as 4)\r\n7. Bottom streamer (same as 4)","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"silk textile","id":"AAT243428"},{"text":"bamboo","id":"AAT11873"}],"techniques":[{"text":"plain weave","id":"x37295"},{"text":"clamp-resist","id":"THES282956"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Plain woven silk, clamp-resist dyed, with bamboo","categories":[{"text":"Archaeology","id":"THES48874"},{"text":"Buddhism","id":"THES48984"},{"text":"Textiles","id":"THES48885"}],"styles":[{"text":"Tang","id":"AAT18420"},{"text":"Central Asian","id":"AAT18281"}],"collectionCode":{"text":"EAS","id":"THES48596"},"images":["2006AE7765","2006AE7744","2006BK7818"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"002","id":"THES394909"},"free":"","case":"","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"banners","id":"AAT195679"}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Dunhuang","id":"x32484"},"association":{"text":"discovered","id":"x37269"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"9th century to 10th century","earliest":"0800-01-01","latest":"0999-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Stein Textile Loan Collection. On loan from the Government of India and the Archaeological Survey of India. Copyright: Government of India.","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Length","value":"262","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"approx.","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"43.6","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"approx.","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"","historicalContext":"Dunhuang is at the eastern end of the southern Silk Road, in present-day Gansu Province. It lies between the western reaches of China and the Tarim Basin. When China began to expand into Central Asia during the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), Dunhuang served as a base for military operations and trade. In the succeeding centuries, Buddhist shrines were established southeast of Dunhuang in a series of man-made caves called Qianfodong, \"Caves of the Thousand Buddhas\" (today also known as the Mogao Grottoes). Here spectacular cave temples were cut out of the cliffs, beginning in the fourth century AD. Over a period of several centuries, communities of Buddhist monks filled the caves with splendid sculpture and wall paintings. These included colossal Buddha statues, painted clay sculptures of deities, elaborate murals of Buddhist legends, and thousands of tiny painted Buddha images; all of which gave the site its name, Qianfodong. Buddhist cave temples had first been established in at Bamiyan (Afghanistan) and Gandhara (formerly in India, now Pakistan). At Qianfodong, Stein found paintings of graceful figures in the Gandharan style among landscapes and buildings that were distinctly Chinese; a fusion of Indian and Chinese art, which he had noted elsewhere along the Silk Road.\r\n\r\nIn 1900, a Daoist monk named Wang Yuanlu discovered a secret cave at Qianfodung, which contained thousands of documents and paintings. Stein purchased a significant amount of this material from Wang during his visit to the Dunhuang in 1907. Among the many religious works were Buddhist, Jewish, Nestorian, Daoist and Confucian texts; all of which dated from approximately 400 to 1000 A.D.  Numerous languages were represented as well, including Chinese, Sanskrit, Tibetan and Hebrew. Stein also acquired many textile pieces. Most of these were silk, for Dunhuang lay on the main trade route between silk-growing regions of China and Central Asia. Elaborate embroideries depicted Buddhist legends and processions of donors. Patterned silks included Chinese and Sassanian (Persian) designs. From China came floral and geometric patterns, combined with figures of animals and birds. Sassanian motifs included pairs of confronted ducks, lions, and other beasts, combined with medallions and quatrefoils. Stein also found undecorated silks used as processional banners and valances for decorating bases of statues. The cave was sealed soon after 1000 A.D., apparently to protect the contents from invading armies. The V&A holds, on loan, a large number of textiles from Dunhuang, including plain and pattern woven silks in many colours, painted Buddhist banners and canopies, and wrappers for Buddhist texts.","briefDescription":"Banner of plain-weave silk (juan), some panels with clamp-resist dyed floral designs, found in Cave 17 of the Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, 800-1000","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Stein, Aurel, <u> Serindia: Detailed Report of Exploration in Central Asia and Westernmost China Carried Out and Described Under the Orders of H.M Indian Government </u>, 5 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921), vol. II, p.992. Vol.IV, pl.CXXIII."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Zhao Feng, ed. <u>Textiles from Dunhuang in UK Collections</u>. Shanghai: Donghua University Press, 2007. pp. 268."}],"production":"Found in Cave 17 of the Mogao Grottoes (Caves of the Thousand Buddhas).","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[{"text":"Stein, Marc Aurel (Sir)","id":"N2850"}],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"floral pattern","id":"AAT10135"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["LOAN:STEIN.292"],"accessionNumberNum":"292","accessionNumberPrefix":"LOAN:STEIN","accessionYear":null,"otherNumbers":[{"type":{"text":"Stein number","id":"THES50251"},"number":"Ch.00360.c"}],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-07-28","recordCreationDate":"2003-12-05","availableToBook":false}}