{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O82213"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O82213/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AF7310/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AF7310/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2006AF7310","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017KM8756","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O82213/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O82213","accessionNumber":"P.20-1937","objectType":"Portrait miniature","titles":[{"title":"Elizabeth Steuart","type":""}],"summaryDescription":"In the 18th century cut-paper images (usually blackened) were called 'shades'. If they were portraits, they were known as 'profiles'. The fashion for 'profiles' grew in the 1770s, when the archaeological discoveries of ancient Roman sites at Herculaneum and Pompeii encouraged a taste for Neo-classicism. ‘Profiles’ became even more fashionable after about 1775, when Johann Kaspar Lavater published his hugely popular <i>Essays on Physiognomy</i>. He claimed that one could detect a person’s character by concentrating on his or her main features. These would reveal both virtues and vices. Lavater illustrated the book with numerous simple black profiles.\r\n\r\nThe 'silhouette' was named after a French minister who was notorious for wasting his time on this popular hobby. Commercially, it was very successful, because in its simplest form it was a cheap and quick method of portraiture. With mechanical aids, a sitting could be done in one minute. There was no need for further tedious sittings to make endless repeats of the portrait for family and friends. But both artists and clients desired novelty. This soon led artists to diversify from the original cut paper or simple painted profiles on paper. They could paint on the under-surface of flat or convex glass, using oil colour or watercolour. They then framed the glass against a plaster background. Sometimes those profiles painted on convex glass would be backed by a thin coating of wax. Artists could paint on plaster, but watercolour, ink or oil was not suitable for this. It seems that they used some kind of soot- or charcoal-based pigment. They might also use an ivory support, on which they painted in watercolour, often adding bronzed highlights. They borrowed this popular method from miniature painting.","physicalDescription":"Portrait miniature silhouette of Elizabeth Steuart, painted on ivory","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Houghton, Samuel","id":"A9932"},"association":{"text":"artist","id":"AAT25103"},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"watercolour","id":"x33202"},{"text":"ivory","id":"AAT11857"}],"techniques":[{"text":"painting","id":"x30598"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Watercolour on ivory","categories":[{"text":"Portraits","id":"THES48906"},{"text":"Paintings","id":"THES48917"},{"text":"Children & Childhood","id":"THES48980"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"PDP","id":"THES48595"},"images":["2006AF7310","2017KM8756"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"LVLF","id":"THES49656"},"free":"","case":"RMC","shelf":"7","box":"E"}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"miniature (painting)","id":"AAT33936"}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Great Britain","id":"x32019"},"association":{"text":"painted","id":"x30138"},"note":"probably"}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"1785","earliest":"1785-01-01","latest":"1785-12-31"},"association":{"text":"painted","id":"x30138"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Bequeathed by Mrs C. S. Betton","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"47","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"88","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"P.20-1937, a silhouette of Elizabeth Steuart by Houghton, born 1773, was given to the museum in 1937 with  another silhouette, also by Houghton of her brother John Steuart (b.1776), at the age of nine(P.19-1937), and P.18-1937, a miniature attributed to Diana Hill of Mary Steuart, later Mrs Timothy Powell.  All three miniatures were bequeathed to the museum by Mr. Charles Steuart Betton.\n\nHistorical significance: On the Departmental file for Elizabeth Steuart it quotes the testator; \"Elizabeth Steuart was the youngest daughter of Hew Steart (Governor of Fort Malborough).  She was born 22.vi.1773 in Sumatra, probably at Mauna, and was sent home to Scotland before June 1779, in charge of a slave girl Rissal.  She probably died young\".","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Samuel Houghton. Elizabeth Steuart, silhouette painted on ivory. British, 1785.","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"<u>Victoria and Albert Museum, Department of Engraving, Illustration and Design and Department of Paintings, Accessions 1937</u>, London: Board of Education, 1938."}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[{"text":"Steuart, Elizabeth","id":"N2666"}],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"portrait","id":"AAT33936"},{"text":"silhouette","id":"AAT15423"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["P.20-1937"],"accessionNumberNum":"20","accessionNumberPrefix":"P","accessionYear":1937,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-12-19","recordCreationDate":"2003-07-11","availableToBook":false}}