{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O82086"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O82086/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AF8962/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AF8962/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2006AF8962","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2018KT0979","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O82086/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O82086","accessionNumber":"2025-1855","objectType":"Enamel miniature","titles":[{"title":"Portrait of Frederick V (1596-1632), Elector Palatine, King of Bohemia","type":"popular title"}],"summaryDescription":"This portrait is painted in enamel on metal. The advantage of enamel over traditional miniature painting (watercolour painted on vellum or, from about 1700, on ivory) is that it does not fade when exposed to light. The process of painting with enamels is, however, less free than the miniature technique and is fraught with danger. The first colours to be laid on the metal support have to be those needing the highest temperature when firing. More colour is added and the enamel refired, the process ending with the colours needing the lowest temperature. Such labour meant that it was an expensive option. \r\n\r\nThis enamel was formerly attributed to Jean Petitot, a goldsmith and jeweller. Petitot and his friend, the enameller Jacques Bordier, together developed the art of painting portraits in enamel using a previously unexplored range of colours and subtlety of tone. Petitot introduced the court of Charles I in England to this novel art in the late 1630s. It is likely that he left England before the execution of his patron, Charles I, in 1649. Thereafter he practised in France, painting many portraits of Louis XIV, his children and those connected with his court. \r\n\r\nPetitot was much imitated in his day, and has been even more frequently copied, especially in the 19th century. But this seems to be an authentic early 17th-century work which has simply been misattributed to Petitot in the past. It is possibly by a contemporary of Petitot and as such is an interesting if puzzling object.\r\n\r\nFrederick V (1596-1632) was elector Palatine of the Rhine. He was also made king of Bohemia (1619-1620) and was head of the Protestant union against Catholic Austria in the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648).","physicalDescription":"Enamel portrait miniature of Frederick V (1596-1632), Elector Palatine, King of Bohemia","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Jean Petitot","id":"A2338"},"association":{"text":"artist","id":"AAT25103"},"note":"formerly attributed to"},{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"artist","id":"AAT25103"},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"enamel","id":"AAT14910"}],"techniques":[{"text":"painting","id":"x30598"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Enamel on metal","categories":[{"text":"Royalty","id":"THES48899"},{"text":"Paintings","id":"THES48917"},{"text":"Portraits","id":"THES48906"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"PDP","id":"THES48595"},"images":["2006AF8962","2018KT0979"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"7","id":"THES263054"},"free":"","case":"CA19","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"miniature (painting)","id":"AAT33936"}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"No","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"France","id":"x28849"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":"possibly"}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1627-1691","earliest":"1622-01-01","latest":"1691-12-31"},"association":{"text":"painted","id":"x30138"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"101","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"frame (with loop)","note":""},{"dimension":"Height","value":"92","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"frame (without loop)","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"81","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"frame","note":""},{"dimension":"Height","value":"43","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"aperture","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"34","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"aperture","note":""},{"dimension":"Height","value":"41","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"38","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"miniature without frame","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"Dimensions without frame taken from <i>Summary Catalogue of Miniatures in the Victoria and Albert Museum</i>, Emmett Microform, 1981.","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Portrait miniature of Frederick V, Elector Palatine, King of Bohemia, formerly attributed to Jean Petitot, French, ca. 1627-1691","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"<i>Summary Catalogue of Miniatures in the Victoria and Albert Museum</i>, Emmett Microform, 1981"}],"production":"Formerly attributed to Jean Petitot, Sr","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[{"text":"King Frederick V","id":"N1633"}],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"Locket cover with portrait\r\nof Frederick V\r\n1628–32\n\nFrederick V was a key figure at the start of the Thirty Years War. He was head of the Protestant Union of princes and briefly king of the disputed territory of Bohemia. In 1620, Frederick was forced into exile by the Catholic victory at the Battle of the White Mountain. Here he wears a delicate band of lace, but the blackened armour underneath emphasises his military bearing.\n\nFrance or Germany\n\r\nEnamel on gold","date":{"text":"09.12.2015","earliest":"2015-12-09","latest":"2015-12-09"}}],"partNumbers":["2025-1855"],"accessionNumberNum":"2025","accessionNumberPrefix":"","accessionYear":1855,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":["2019LV9292"],"recordModificationDate":"2025-12-22","recordCreationDate":"2003-07-09","availableToBook":false}}