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The candles fixed on the prickets were usually of animal fat (tallow), rather than the the more expensive beeswax. From the fifteenth century, more complex forms of chandeliers based on ring or crown designs became popular in cathedrals and the palaces of the rich. By the end of the seventeenth century highly ornate three-tiered examples with curling and twisting branches filled the visual space of the more open post-reformation churches. Church lights might also have religious symbolism incorporated into their decoration such as, figures of saints or doves on their central shafts. \r\n\r\nThe finest early chandeliers were made in Germany especially in areas around the lower Rhine near Cologne and in northern Germany as well as in Flemish centres such as Dinant. 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