{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O78264"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O78264/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AM3315/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AM3315/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2006AM3315","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O78264/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O78264","accessionNumber":"E.972-1960","objectType":"Engraving","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"<b>Object Type</b><br>This print is an engraving. The image is made by cutting lines into the surface of a flat piece of metal, inking the plate and then transferring the ink held in the lines onto a sheet of paper.<br><br><b>Subjects Depicted</b><br>It is a plate from the book <i>Parallelum Olivae nec non Olivarii...</i> (1656), by  Louis de Gand. The book contains 13 essays on Oliver Cromwell  praising his mercy, benignity and wisdom.  The print shows Cromwell on horseback, dressed in armour, at the scene of a battle. This image follows the pose used by the Spanish painter Diego Velasquez (1599-1660) in his equestrian portraits, in particular of the great minister, the Count-Duke of Olivares. Cromwell is explicitly presented as a military leader in this image. <br><br>The background of the print touches on the realities of warfare. Smoke from artillery firing from high ground can be seen in the background left and right. In the middle distance troops are drawn up in pre-battle formation and in the near distance, in the plain below Cromwell, the chaos of hand-to-hand fighting is depicted. On the left is a cavalry skirmish and on the right a clash of pikeman. Some indication of the injury, suffering and death that accompanies war is given by the bodies strewn across the battlefield.<br><br><b>People</b><br>By 1656, when the book was printed, Oliver Cromwell was clearly established as Head of State. There were several laudatory collections published during this period celebrating his great achievements and wisdom.","physicalDescription":"Engraving","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Faithorne, William","id":"A8375"},"association":{"text":"engraver","id":"x30813"},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"printing ink","id":"AAT187371"}],"techniques":[{"text":"engraving","id":"AAT53225"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Engraving, ink on paper","categories":[{"text":"Prints","id":"THES48903"},{"text":"Propaganda","id":"THES48902"},{"text":"Portraits","id":"THES48906"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"PDP","id":"THES48595"},"images":["2006AM3315"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"56D (VA)","id":"THES49242"},"free":"","case":"CA1","shelf":"","box":"37"}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"print","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"London","id":"x28980"},"association":{"text":"published","id":"x30682"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"1656","earliest":"1656-01-01","latest":"1656-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Given by Edgar Seligman","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"19.1","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"excluding mount","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"14.8","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"excluding mount","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"Dimensions checked: Measured; 26/04/1999 by sp","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"Signed 'G: Faithorne fec:.'","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":"A8877"},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":""}],"objectHistory":"Engraved and signed by William Faithorne (born in London, possibly in 1616, died there in 1691); published in London","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Engraving of Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"<u>Victoria and Albert Museum Department of Prints and Drawings and Department of Paintings, Accessions 1960: Volume 2, Edgar Seligman Gift.</u> London: HMSO, 1966."}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[{"text":"Cromwell, Oliver","id":"N1996"}],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"British Galleries:\nPRINTS\nCheap prints of this period fuelled political and religious debate. The more expensive prints gathered here also suggest anxieties over threats to the established church. Religious images banned in public remained permissible between the covers of a book. Two printmakers were prominent. Hollar and his copyists recorded the topography and contemporary life of London. Faithorne, originally a Royalist, returned from banishment during the Commonwealth to make portraits of the gentry and leading scholars.","date":{"text":"27/03/2003","earliest":"2003-03-27","latest":"2003-03-27"}}],"partNumbers":["E.972-1960"],"accessionNumberNum":"972","accessionNumberPrefix":"E","accessionYear":1960,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":["2019LR2203","2019LP9131","2019LV6505"],"recordModificationDate":"2025-05-02","recordCreationDate":"2003-03-27","availableToBook":false}}