{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O75434"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O75434/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AP6297/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AP6297/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2006AP6297","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O75434/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O75434","accessionNumber":"P.16-1984","objectType":"Portrait Miniature","titles":[{"title":"Portrait Miniature of Edward Raphael (d.1791)","type":"popular title"}],"summaryDescription":"John Smart was a highly gifted and successful miniature painter who, at the age of 43, decided to leave London and its booming art market and go to practice his talent in India. He spent ten years in Madras, painting members of the British expatriate community and local Indian dignitaries and royalty. This is undoubtedly where he painted this striking image of Edward Raphael, a prominent Armenian merchant. Smart worked in a labour-intensive manner, with careful touches of paint building up strongly modelled and coloured portraits, often of striking power. Despite his years abroad, he remained loyal to the London-based Society of Artists, of which he eventually became President.","physicalDescription":"Portrait miniature of a gentleman wearing an embroidered topi hat, white shirt and green Bandhgala jacket","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"John Smart","id":"A2394"},"association":{"text":"artist","id":"AAT25103"},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"watercolour","id":"x35013"},{"text":"ivory","id":"AAT11857"}],"techniques":[{"text":"Miniature painting","id":"THES272276"},{"text":"watercolour painting","id":"THES250889"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Watercolour on ivory","categories":[{"text":"Portraits","id":"THES48906"},{"text":"Paintings","id":"THES48917"},{"text":"Miniatures","id":"THES269968"},{"text":"Colonialism and Empire","id":"THES253004"}],"styles":[{"text":"Georgian","id":"AAT21048"}],"collectionCode":{"text":"PDP","id":"THES48595"},"images":["2006AP6297"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"90A (VA)","id":"THES49164"},"free":"","case":"12","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"miniature (painting)","id":"AAT33936"}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"India","id":"x29790"},"association":{"text":"painted","id":"x30138"},"note":""},{"place":{"text":"Madras","id":"THES278299"},"association":{"text":"painted","id":"AAT54216"},"note":""},{"place":{"text":"Chennai","id":"x31964"},"association":{"text":"painted","id":"AAT54216"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"1789","earliest":"1789-01-01","latest":"1789-12-31"},"association":{"text":"painted","id":"x30138"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Bequeathed by Mrs K. Gifford Scott, from the Hugh John Burton Collection","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"55","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"44","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"<i>J.S. 1789 I</i>","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"By the sitter's right shoulder"}],"objectHistory":"Bequeathed by Mrs K. Gifford Scott, from the Hugh John Burton Collection","historicalContext":"John Smart was a highly gifted and successful miniature painter who, at the age of 43, left his successful practice and the booming art market of London to go and work in India. He spent ten years in Madras (now called Chennai), painting members of the British expatriate community and local Indian dignitaries and royalty. This striking portrait was undoubtedly painted during Smart’s time in Madras. The sitter has been identified as Edward Raphael (d.1791), an Armenian merchant resident in Madras (see notes in departmental file). \r\n\r\nRaphael was born in New Julfa, in the Armenian quarter of the Isfahan province, Iran. He became one of the most prominent members of the Catholic Armenian merchant community in Madras during the second half of the eighteenth century. In 1788 Raphael and several others founded the first joint stock bank in Madras, the Carnatic Bank, which still exists as the Bank of Madras. Raphael was also one of the founders of the Collegio Armeno Moorat Raphael in Venice, along with his son-in-law Samuel Moorat, an eminent diamond trader. Raphael and Moorat were enlightened men, closely associated with the scholarly Mekhitarist religious order and they intended their college to provide the finest education to young Armenians in Europe. \r\n\r\nRaphael died on the Brig Prince William Henry on route from Madras to England in 1791 and was buried at sea. \r\n\r\nIn the Collegio Armeno Moorat Raphael there is a small oil painting identified as Edward Raphael by Gaetano Astolfoni (active Venice 1820-1840) dated 1840, which appears to have been based on Smart’s miniature. The Astolfoni portrait is a half-length composition, in which the sitter is shown holding a letter marked ‘Edward Raphael Esq, Madras’. It is plausible that Astolfoni extended the composition independently. However Smart is known to have made drawings relating to his miniatures, both as preparatory studies and record copies (see Museum nos. P.13-1930 and 104-1888). The compositions of these drawings often varies from that of the associated miniature. As such, it is possible that Astolfoni based his extended portrait on an as yet untraced drawing by Smart.\r\n","briefDescription":"Portrait Miniature, Portrait Miniature of Edward Raphael, by John Smart, watercolour on ivory, 1789.","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Katherine Coombs, <u>The Portrait Miniature in England</u>, V&A Publications, 1998, pp.87-92."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Katherine Coombs, <i>Finney, Samuel (1719-1798)</i>', <u>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</u>, Oxford University Press, 2004."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Damiët Schneeweisz, Rosalind McKever, and Adriana Concin. <i>The Portrait Miniature: A New History</i>. London: Thames & Hudson  and the V&A, 2026."},{"reference":{"text":"Damiët Schneeweisz, Rosalind McKever, and Adriana Concin. <i>The Portrait Miniature: A New History</i>. London: Thames & Hudson and the V&A, 2026.","id":"AUTH411474"},"details":"","free":""}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"Unique","id":"THES48864"},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"hat","id":"AAT46106"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["P.16-1984"],"accessionNumberNum":"16","accessionNumberPrefix":"P","accessionYear":1984,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-12-19","recordCreationDate":"2003-02-26","availableToBook":false}}