{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O72938"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O72938/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2013GE2203/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2013GE2203/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2013GE2203","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AV9104","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AP6502","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AP6501","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AP6500","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AV9085","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AV9086","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006BB2668","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006BB2669","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006BB2670","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006BB2671","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AV9103","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AV9102","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AV9101","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GE2204","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GE7644","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GE7645","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GE7646","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GE9234","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GE9235","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GE9236","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GE9293","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GE9292","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GK5910","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GU7376","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017JX8554","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017KC3221","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017KE2142","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2018KV4805","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2019LY9671","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O72938/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O72938","accessionNumber":"A.547&A-1910","objectType":"Pastoral staff and case","titles":[{"title":"Aldobrandini Crozier","type":"popular title"}],"summaryDescription":"As indicated by the coat of arms on the case, this finely carved crosier once belonged to Giovanni Benci Carrucci Aldobrandini, bishop of Gubbio (Umbria, central Italy) between 1370 and 1375. The volute is decorated with an openwork representation of the <i>Adoration of the Magi</i>, and inscribed on both sides with a portion of the Collect for the Epiphany. The half-length figures of Christ and prophets in foliate shoots are also found in other Venetian crosiers dating from the same period.\n\nThe name crozier is commonly used for the crook-shaped pastoral staff of a bishop or abbot. It forms part of their insignia. \r\nIt was carried as a symbol of authority and pastoral care. It was made of various materials, but by the twelfth century ivory was in widespread use for the head of the crozier. The shaft was often made of wood, occasionally embellished with metal knops, although on Italian Gothic examples, ivory and bone cylinders were used in construction. French Gothic ivory crozier heads are predominantly of one design, with the Crucifixion and the Virgin and St John on one side and the Virgin and Child, flanked by candle-bearing angels, on the other. It appears that the principal face was that to be seen when the volute of the crozier was facing to the right. \r\n","physicalDescription":"The volute, which issues from the mouth of a dragon, is surmounted by half-length figures of Christ between David (?) and Salomon. It encloses an openwork representation of the Adoration of the Magi with the star and firmament above and is decorated with an inscription, a portion of the Collect for the Epiphany. The knop, made up of four plaques, is carved on each face with a writing Evangelist seated beneath a trefoil arch. Four foliate shoots and additional prophets are now missing around the lower part of the volute: three ivory pegs remain. \r\n\r\nThe stem, divided into four sections that screw together, is painted with dragons, birds, and faded leafy stems, and with designs including crosses, quatrefoils and foliate designs: these are all of gold with red and black outlines. From the top these four sections consist of three, four, three and two cylinders respectively, the last section terminating in a turned ivory foot with a brass tip (both later).\r\n\r\nThe cuir bouilli case is decorated with various animals amid leafy scrolls and with the arms of the Aldobrandini family. The interior is divided into five compartments, a central one for the head of the crozier and four circular ones for the sections of the staff. The central parts of each side consist of foliate shoots in which are three creatures: on one side mythical beasts (a unicorn and two dragons) and on the other a deer, a hare and a wild boar. Above these on both sides are the arms of the Aldobrandini, here uncoloured but clearly identifiable: a bend counter-embattled between six mullets ranged in orle. The cover of the case continues the leaf designs of the lower part, but on the side with the animals has a panel with an eagle, its head turned back. The top surface has a third Aldobrandini coat-of-arms with, above it, a mitre with lappets and a foliate crozier, indicating that the owner was an Aldobrandini bishop.\r\n","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"Ivory","id":"AAT11857"},{"text":"gilt","id":"x30367"}],"techniques":[{"text":"painting","id":"x30598"},{"text":"gilding","id":"AAT53789"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Elephant ivory, carved, painted and gilded","categories":[{"text":"Images Online","id":"THES48937"},{"text":"Christianity","id":"THES48978"},{"text":"Sculpture","id":"THES48896"},{"text":"Accessories","id":"THES48998"},{"text":"Religion","id":"THES48900"},{"text":"Ceremonial objects","id":"THES48981"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"SCP","id":"THES48600"},"images":["2013GE2203","2006AV9104","2006AP6502","2006AP6501","2006AP6500","2006AV9085","2006AV9086","2006BB2668","2006BB2669","2006BB2670","2006BB2671","2006AV9103","2006AV9102","2006AV9101","2013GE2204","2013GE7644","2013GE7645","2013GE7646","2013GE9234","2013GE9235","2013GE9236","2013GE9293","2013GE9292","2013GK5910","2013GU7376","2017JX8554","2017KC3221","2017KE2142","2018KV4805","2019LY9671"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"002","id":"THES385982"},"free":"","case":"","shelf":"","box":""},{"current":{"text":"002","id":"THES385982"},"free":"","case":"","shelf":"","box":""},{"current":{"text":"002","id":"THES385982"},"free":"","case":"","shelf":"","box":""},{"current":{"text":"002","id":"THES385982"},"free":"","case":"","shelf":"","box":""},{"current":{"text":"002","id":"THES385982"},"free":"","case":"","shelf":"","box":""},{"current":{"text":"002","id":"THES385982"},"free":"","case":"","shelf":"","box":""},{"current":{"text":"002","id":"THES385982"},"free":"","case":"","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Pastoral staff","id":""}],[{"text":"Pastoral staff shaft (part of)","id":""}],[{"text":"Pastoral staff shaft (part of)","id":""}],[{"text":"Pastoral staff shaft (part of)","id":""}],[{"text":"Pastoral staff shaft (part of)","id":""}],[{"text":"Case for pastoral staff","id":""}],[{"text":"Pastoral staff case (lid)","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Venice","id":"x29237"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1370","earliest":"1365-01-01","latest":"1374-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"George Salting Bequest","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"46","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"11/04/2019","earliest":"2019-04-11","latest":"2019-04-11"},"part":"Volute","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"15","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"11/04/2019","earliest":"2019-04-11","latest":"2019-04-11"},"part":"Volute","note":""},{"dimension":"Depth","value":"7","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"11/04/2019","earliest":"2019-04-11","latest":"2019-04-11"},"part":"Volute","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"Measured for the Medieval and Renaissance Galleries","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"'DEVS . QVI . HODIERNA DIE . VNIGENITVM . TVVR GENTIBVS . STELLA . DVCE'","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"O god, who on his day by the leading of a star didst manifest thine only-begotten son to the gentiles; mercifully grant that we who know thee by faith, [may be brought to the contemplation of the beauty of thy majesty]). {translation for both sides}","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"on one front side"},{"content":"'REVELASTI . CONCEDE . PROPICIVS VT . QVI . IAN TE . EX . FIDE . COGNO[vimus…]'\r\n","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"on the back side"}],"objectHistory":"The heads of Christ and Solomon and the two foliate shoots are either late-nineteenth-century replacements or were broken before 1880 and subsequently restored.  \r\nFour foliate shoots and additional prophets are missing around the lower part of the volute, and three ivory pegs remain.\n\r\nFormerly in the Museo Civico, Volterra; sold with other ivory carvings from the Museo, 2 December 1880, in Florence. Then Frederic Spitzer collection, Paris, by 1890. Sold at Spitzer sale, Paris, (25 April 1893, lot 125). Then George Salting collection. Bequeathed to the V&A by Salting, 1910. \n\nHistorical significance: The coat of arms on the case identifies the crosier as having belonged to Giovanni Benci Carrucci Aldobrandini, bishop of Gubbio (Umbria, central Italy) between 1370 and 1375. Venetian elements such as the half-length figures of Christ and prophets in foliate shoots also feature in other crosiers, such as those in the Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence, The Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore and in a private collection, New York. The figure style and painting of these crosiers is close to that of the Venetian triptych with the Coronation of the Virgin, datable to 1360-70 (V&A, 143-1866).","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Pastoral staff and case, ivory, with the Adoration of the Magi, the 'Aldobrandini Crozier', Italy (Venice), ca. 1370","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Cott, P. B. Siculo-Arabic Ivories (Princeton, 1939), pp. 477-78, fig. 15"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Gaborit-Chopin, D. Ivoires du moyen âge (Fribourg, 1978), p. 211"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Williamson, P. Avori italiani e cuoi francesi, in Pace, V. and Bagnoli, M. (eds.) Il Gotico europeo in Italia (Naples, 1994), p. 293, fig. 2, p. 294"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Williamson, P. in Barnet, P. (ed) Images in ivory. Precious objects of the Gothic Age, exh. cat. (Detroit, 1997), p. 215-6, no. 50"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"'Salting Bequest (A. 70 to A. 1029-1910) / Murray Bequest (A. 1030 to A. 1096-1910)'. In: <u>List of Works of Art Acquired by the Victoria and Albert Museum (Department of Architecture and Sculpture)</u>. London: Printed under the Authority of his Majesty's Stationery Office, by Eyre and Spottiswoode, Limited, East Harding Street, EC, pp. 89-90"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Longhurst, Margaret H. <u>Catalogue of Carvings in Ivory</u>. Part II. London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1929, p. 60"},{"reference":{"text":"Maskell, A., <u>Ivories</u>, London, 1905","id":"AUTH332726"},"details":"pp. 202, 218","free":""},{"reference":{"text":"Koechlin, R., <u>Les Ivoires gothiques français</u>, 3 vols, Paris, 1924 (reprinted Paris 1968)","id":"AUTH332728"},"details":"I, p. 277, III, pl. CXXX","free":""},{"reference":{"text":"Williamson, Paul and Davies, Glyn, <u>Medieval Ivory Carvings, 1200-1550</u>, (in 2 parts), V&A Publishing, Victoria and Albert Museum, London, 2014","id":"AUTH332632"},"details":"part 1, pp. 434-441","free":""},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Beer, Manuela, Metje, Iris, Straub, Karen, Werth, Saskia and Woelk, Moritz, <u>The Magi: Legend, Art and Cult,</u>\tCologne, Hirmer,2015, exh. cat., pp. 214-215\r\n"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Williamson, Paul and Davies, Glyn, <u>Medieval Ivory Carvings, 1200-1550</u>, (in 2 parts), V&A Publishing, Victoria and Albert Museum, London, 2014, part 1, pp. 434-441, cat. no. 152"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Descatoire, Christine and Tixier, Frédéric (eds.). <i>Le Moyen Âge du XIXe siècle. Créations et faux dans les arts précieux</i>. Exhibition Catalogue, Paris, Musée de Cluny - Musée national du Moyen Âge, Paris: GrandPalaisRmnÉditions, 2025, pp. 270-271 (Christine Descatoire)."}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[{"text":"Mary (Virgin Mary)","id":"N480"},{"text":"Jesus","id":"N58"},{"text":"Solomon","id":"N659"}],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"dragon","id":"x30096"},{"text":"scroll","id":"x44680"},{"text":"star","id":"AAT9811"},{"text":"birds","id":"x35043"},{"text":"deer","id":"x29392"},{"text":"hare","id":"x30063"},{"text":"boar","id":"x30064"},{"text":"unicorn","id":"x30658"},{"text":"coat of arms","id":"AAT126352"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["A.547:6-1910","A.547:1-1910","A.547:2-1910","A.547:3-1910","A.547:4-1910","A.547:5-1910","A.547:7-1910"],"accessionNumberNum":"547","accessionNumberPrefix":"A","accessionYear":1910,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE","Case for pastoral staff","Pastoral staff","Pastoral staff shaft (part of) [1]","Pastoral staff shaft (part of) [2]","Pastoral staff shaft (part of) [3]","Pastoral staff shaft (part of) [4]","Pastoral staff case (lid)"],"assets":["2025PG6476","2025PG5110","2016JF4265","2020MP0274"],"recordModificationDate":"2026-04-01","recordCreationDate":"2003-01-13","availableToBook":false}}