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The crozier belongs to a small group of stylistically closely related objects that were probably made by a workshop in Venice. \r\n \nThe crozier's volute, which issues from the mouth of a dragon, is decorated with an openwork representation of the Adoration of the Magi, and surmounted by half-length figures of Christ between two biblical figures. The knop is made up of four ivory plaques showing a writing Evangelist seated beneath a trefoil arch on each one. The crozier as a whole is made up of five sections which are painted throughout with a pattern of dragons and birds, crosses, quatrefoils and foliage. Although the original coloured and gilded decoration of the object must have been similar to what we see now, there has been much refereshing of the paint and gilding. \n\nThe interior of the leather case is divided into five compartments, a central one for the head of the crozier and four circular ones for the sections of the shaft. It is decorated with foliate shoots, mythical beasts, a deer, a hare and wild boar. On both sides are the arms of the Aldobrandini family.\n\nPastoral staffs or crozierz werecarried by bishops, abbots and abbesses - and occasionally by other senior ecclesiastics - as a symbol of authority and pastoral care. From the early medieval  period onwards they were made in a variety of materials, but by the twelfth century ivory was in widespread use for this type of object. ","physicalDescription":"The volute, which issues from the mouth of a dragon, is surmounted by half-length figures of Christ between David (?) and Solomon, the latter identified by a painted inscription on the scroll he is holding in his right hand. It encloses an openwork representation of the Adoration of the Magi with the star and firmament above. An explanatory inscription, taken from the Collect for the Epiphany, runs along the rim of the crook on both sides: DEVS. QVI. HODIERNA. DIE. (ungeni)TEM. TVVM. GENTIBVS. (s)TEL(la d)VCE on the front, and REVELASTI. CONCEDE. PR(opi)TIVS. VT. QVI. IAM. TE. EX. FID(e). COGNO[vivimus] on the back. \n\r\nThe knop is made up of four ivory plaques mounted on a wooden core with a writing Evangelist seated beneath a trefoil arch on each one. They have been identified by painted inscriptions but these are probably later in date as the youthful St John on the front is here labelled as St Matthew: John is traditionally the only one of the Evangelists not to be shown bearded.\n\nThe crozier as a whole is made up of five sections: the uppermost, with the volute, is attached to the shaft with a single ivory cylinder below the knop, which is dowelled to receive a screw thread from the staff section below. The four sections of the shaft proper are also connected with screw threads (three in wood, one in ivory) and from the top these four sections consist of three, four, three and two cylinders respectively, the last section terminating in a turned ivory foot with a brass tip (both later). The sections of the shaft and volute are painted throughout with dragons and birds, and with designs including crosses, quatrefoils and foliate designs: these are all of gold with red and black outlines, although much of the paint and gilding has been lost on the middle and upper sections, leaving only the ghosts of the designs. Each section of the staff is identified with incised gilded dots (from one to four) and letters (from A to D), to allow dismantling and reassembly. \n\nThe volute, as appears to be customary with the group of croziers to which it belongs, is made up of a number of small sections of ivory glued together (in this case five): the vertical lines of the joins are clearly visible. Although the original coloured and gilded decoration of the crozier must have been similar in appearance to that now visible, there has been much refreshing of the paint and gilding, especially around the Evangelists and to the inscription and ornamental designs of the volute. \n\nFoliate shoots or prophets are now missing around the lower part of the volute, as indicated by five remaining holes, three filled with ivory pegs. The heads of Christ and Solomon and the two foliate shoots were missing in the the photograph pulbished in the 1880 sale catalogue and must have been replaced by Frédéric Spitzer, as they appear in the photograph reproduced in the sale of his collection in 1893; these do not appear to be of nineteenth-century facture, however, so one must suppose that the pieces were loose at the time of the 1880 sale and handed over to the purchaser. More intriguingly, the knop was also turned round 180 degrees between 1880 and 1893. Spitzer furthermore took the opportunity to restore the two crocketed corner pinnacles above the bearded Evangelist now wrongly labelled as St John and on the back face of the knop. There are a number of surface chips, most notably to the arch above the head of the youthful bearded Evangelist, and the scroll once held by the prophet to the left of Christ has been broken off. The gilded inscription has been rubbed in the areas where the volute came into contact with the leather case in which it travelled. \n\nThe interior of the <i>cuir bouilli</i> case is divided into five compartments, a central one for the head of the crozier and four circular ones for the section s of the hsaft. The central parts of each side consist of foliate shoots in which are three creatures: on one side mythical beasts (a unicorn and two dragons) and on the other a deer, a hare and a wild boar. Above these, on both sides, are the arms of the Aldobrandini, here uncoloured but clearly identifiable as <i>a bend counter-embattled between six mullets ranged in orle. </i>The cover of the case continues the leaf designs of the lower part, but on the side with the animals has a panel with an eagle, its head turned back. The top surface of the cover has a third Aldobrandini coat-of-arms with, above it, a mitre with lappets and a foliate crozier, indicating that the owner was an Aldobrandini bishop (see Object History). \r\n","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"AUTH317916"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"Ivory","id":"AAT11857"},{"text":"cuir bouilli","id":"AAT193359"}],"techniques":[{"text":"carving","id":"AAT53149"},{"text":"painting","id":"x30598"},{"text":"gilding","id":"AAT53789"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"carved, painted and gilded elephant ivory and leather ","categories":[{"text":"Images Online","id":"THES48937"},{"text":"Christianity","id":"THES48978"},{"text":"Sculpture","id":"THES48896"},{"text":"Accessories","id":"THES48998"},{"text":"Religion","id":"THES48900"},{"text":"Ceremonial objects","id":"THES48981"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"SCP","id":"THES48600"},"images":["2013GE2203","2006AV9104","2006AP6502","2006AP6501","2006AP6500","2006AV9085","2006AV9086","2006BB2668","2006BB2669","2006BB2670","2006BB2671","2006AV9103","2006AV9102","2006AV9101","2013GE2204","2013GE7644","2013GE7645","2013GE7646","2013GE9234","2013GE9235","2013GE9236","2013GE9293","2013GE9292","2013GK5910","2013GU7376","2017JX8554","2017KC3221","2017KE2142","2018KV4805","2019LY9671"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"50D","id":"THES49096"},"free":"","case":"CA1","shelf":"","box":""},{"current":{"text":"50D","id":"THES49096"},"free":"","case":"CA1","shelf":"","box":""},{"current":{"text":"50D","id":"THES49096"},"free":"","case":"CA1","shelf":"","box":""},{"current":{"text":"50D","id":"THES49096"},"free":"","case":"CA1","shelf":"","box":""},{"current":{"text":"50D","id":"THES49096"},"free":"","case":"CA1","shelf":"","box":""},{"current":{"text":"50D","id":"THES49096"},"free":"","case":"CA1","shelf":"","box":""},{"current":{"text":"50D","id":"THES49096"},"free":"","case":"CA1","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Pastoral staff","id":""}],[{"text":"Pastoral staff shaft (part of)","id":""}],[{"text":"Pastoral staff shaft (part of)","id":""}],[{"text":"Pastoral staff shaft (part of)","id":""}],[{"text":"Pastoral staff shaft (part of)","id":""}],[{"text":"Case for pastoral staff","id":""}],[{"text":"Pastoral staff case (lid)","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Venice","id":"x29237"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1370","earliest":"1365-01-01","latest":"1374-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"George Salting Bequest","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"46","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"11/04/2019","earliest":"2019-04-11","latest":"2019-04-11"},"part":"Volute","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"15","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"11/04/2019","earliest":"2019-04-11","latest":"2019-04-11"},"part":"Volute","note":""},{"dimension":"Depth","value":"7","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"11/04/2019","earliest":"2019-04-11","latest":"2019-04-11"},"part":"Volute","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"Measured for the Medieval and Renaissance Galleries.","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"'DEVS. QVI . HODIERNA DIE. VNIGENITVM . TVVR GENTIBVS . STELLA . DVCE'","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"on the front side"},{"content":"'REVELASTI. CONCEDE. PROPICIVS VT. QVI. IAM. TE. EX. FIDE. COGNO[vimus...]'\r\n","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"O God, who on his day by the leading of a star didst manifest thine only-begotten son to the gentiles; mercifully grant that we who know thee by faith, [may be brought to the contemplation of the beauty of thy majesty]. (translation for both sides)","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"on the back side"}],"objectHistory":"Formerly in the Museo Civico, Volterra; sold with other ivory carvings from the Museo, 2 December 1880, in Florence; in the collection of Frédéric Spitzer, Paris, by 1890; sold at the Spitzer sale, Paris (25 April 1893, lot 125, pl. IV; the case sold separately, lot 799, pl. XXV); collection of George Salting, London; Salting Bequest to the V&amp;A, 1910. \n\nThe coat of arms on the case identifies the crozier as having belonged to Giovanni Benci Carrucci Aldobrandini, bishop of Gubbio between 1370 and 1375, when he was forced out of office and returned to Florence; an earlier date of 1331 given to the crozier by Sambon in 1880 and followed by Longhurst, Lesley, Cott and others was based on the incorrect assumption that an earlier member of the Aldobrandini family had been bishop of Gubbio in that year. \n\nA small group of about ten croziers are closely related to the present piece, including several with other narrative scenes. The most intimately related, and probably products of the same workshop, are the <i>Agnus Dei</i> crozier in the V&amp;A (mus. no 604-1902), and croziers in Klosterneuburg, Siena and Florence. To these may be added a crozier head in Baltimore and one now in a private collection in New York, which was also sold in the 1880 Volterra sale and was said to have come from the abbey of S. Giusto alle Balze. \n\nThe croziers in the group have been assigned both a Tuscan and Venetian origin, although the latter is more likely. Parker Lesley first noted the Venetian elements in the Aldobrandini crozier (despite dating it too early) and other pieces, most conspicuoulsy the half-length figures of Christ and prophets in foliate shoots. The figure style and painting of the croziers also link them with the indubitably Venetian triptych of about 1360-70 in the V&amp;A (mus. no 143-1866), and Michele Tomasi has offered further support for Venice as the place of production (Tomasi 1999, pp. 234-36).","historicalContext":"The crozier, or pastoral staff, was carried by bishops, abbots and abbesses - and occasionally by other senior ecclesiastics - as a symbol of authority and pastoral care. From the early medieval period onwards it was made in a variety of materials, but by the twelfth century ivory was in widespread use for the head of the crozier. The shaft was often made of wood, occasionally embellished with metal knops, although on Italian Gothic examples such as the present one ivory and bone cylinders were used in its construction. ","briefDescription":"Pastoral staff known as the 'Aldobrandini Crozier' with its original case, carved, painted and gilded elephant ivory and leather (<i>cuir bouilli</i>), Venice, ca. 1370","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Sambon, Jules (ed.). <i>Description des ivoires de la Ville de Volterra</i>. Sale Catalogue, Florence: Raffaele Dura, 1880, cat. no. 4, pp. 21-24."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Maskell, Alfred. <i>Ivories</i>, London: Methuen and Co., 1905, pp. 202, 218."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Molinier, Emile. <i>Histoire générale des arts appliqués à l'industrie du Ve au XVIIIe siècle: 1, Ivoires</i>, Paris: E. Lévy, 1896, pp. 202-204, pl. XIX."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"</i><i>List of Works of Art Acquired by the Victoria and Albert Museum (Department of Architecture and Sculpture)</i>. London: Printed under the Authority of his Majesty's Stationery Office, by Eyre and Spottiswoode Limited, 1910, pp. 89-90."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Koechlin, Raymond. <i>Les ivoires gothiques français</i>, 3 vols, Paris: A. Picard, 1924, vol. 1, p. 277, vol. 3, pl. 130."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Watts, William W. <i>Catalogue of Pastoral Staves</i>, London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1924, cat. no 28, pl. 15."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Longhurst, Margaret H. <i>Catalogue of Carvings in Ivory</i>. Part II. London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1929, pp. 60-61, p. LII."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Falke, Otto von. 'Ein Bischofsstab islamischer Arbeit und seine Verwandten', <i>Pantheon</i> 16 (1935): 266-270, p. 270."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Lesley, Parker. 'Two triptychs and a Crucifix in the Museo Cristiano of the Vatican Library', <i>Art Bulletin</i> 18 (1936): 465-79, pp. 477-78, fig. 15."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Cott, Perry Blythe. <i>Siculo-Arabic Ivories</i>, Princeton: Princeton University, 1939, cat. no 179, pl. 66. "},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Natanson, Józef. <i>Gothic Ivories of the 13th and 14th Centuries</i>, London: A. Tiranti, 1951, pp. 28, 39, fig 61. "},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Gall, Günter. <i>Leder im europäischen Kunsthandwerk. Ein Handbuch für Sammler und Liebhaber</i>. Brunswick: Klinkardt und Biermann, 1965, pp. 155-159, fig. 116 (the case only)."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Gaborit-Chopin, Danielle. <i>Ivoires du Moyen Âge</i>. Fribourg: Office du Livre, 1978, p. 211."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Wolff-Lozińska, Barbara. 'Grupa włoskich pastorałów z kości słoniowej i egzemplarz zachowany w Polsce', in <i>Ars auro prior: studia Ioanni Białostocki sexagenario dicata</i>, ed. Juliusz A. Chrościcki et. al., Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1981, pp. 137-48."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Menichetti, Piero Luigi. <i>Storia di Gubbio dalle origini all'Unità d'Italia</i>, 2 vols. [Perugia]: Petruzzi Editore, 1987, vol. 2, unnumbered pls between pp. 74-75."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Williamson, Paul. 'Avori italiani e avori francesi', in <i>Il Gotico europeo in Italia</i>, ed. Valentino Pace and Martina Bagnoli. Naples: Electa, 1994, p. 293, fig. 2. "},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Barnet, Peter (ed.). <i>Images in Ivory. Precious objects of the Gothic Age</i>. Exhibition Catalogue, Detroit Institute of Arts. Detroit: Detroit Institute of Art in association with Princeton University Press, 1997, pp. 215-6, cat. no. 50 (Paul Williamson)."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Thurre, Daniel. 'Pastorale', in <i>Enciclopedia dell'Arte Medievale</i> IX, 1998, pp. 240-246, here p. 246."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Curtis Penelope (ed.). <i>Depth of Field: The Place of Relief in the Time of Donatello</i>. Exhibition Catalogue, Leeds, Henry Moore Institute, 2004, p. 86, cat. nos 21 and 22."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Tomasi, Michele. 'Contributi allo studio della scultura eburnea trecentesca in Italia: Venezia', <i>Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Classe di Lettere e Filosofia,</i> s. 4, 4 (1999): 221-46. "},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Avril, François, Maurice-Chabard, Brigitte and Medica, Massimo. <i>Bologne et le pontifical d'Autun: chef d'oeuvre du premier Trecento, 1330-1340</i>. Exhibition Catalogue, Autun, Musée Rolin, 2012, p. 155 (Élisabeth Antoine)."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Williamson, Paul and Davies, Glyn. <i>Medieval Ivory Carvings, 1200-1550</i>, 2 vols, London: V&A Publishing, 2014, vol. 1, pp. 434-441, cat. no. 152 (Paul Williamson)."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Ciseri, Ilaria (ed.). <i>Gli avori del Museo Nazionale del Bargello,</i> Milan: Officina Libraria, 2018, pp. 276-278 (Benedetta Chiesi)."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Descatoire, Christine (ed.). <i>L'art en broderie au Moyen Âge autour des collections du musée de Cluny</i>. Exhibition Catalogue, Paris, Musée de Cluny - musée national du Moyen Âge. Paris: Éditions de la Réunion des musées nationaux - Grand Palais, 2019, pp. 72-74, cat. no 45 (Christine Descatoire)."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Beer, Manuela, Metje, Iris, Straub, Karen, Werth, Saskia and Woelk, Moritz. <i>The Magi: Legend, Art and Cult. </i>Exhibition Catalogue, Cologne, Museum Schnütgen, Cologne: Hirmer, 2015, pp. 214-215, cat. no 79 (Paul Williamson). "},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Descatoire, Christine and Tixier, Frédéric (eds.). <i>Le Moyen Âge du XIXe siècle. Créations et faux dans les arts précieux</i>. Exhibition Catalogue, Paris, Musée de Cluny - Musée national du Moyen Âge, Paris: GrandPalaisRmnÉditions, 2025, pp. 270-271, cat. no 191 (Christine Descatoire)."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Nassar, Magdi A.M. <i>Avori di Volterra</i>, Volterra: Accademia dei Sepolti, 2025, esp. pp. 82-88."}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[{"text":"Mary (Virgin Mary)","id":"N480"},{"text":"Jesus","id":"N58"},{"text":"Solomon","id":"N659"}],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"dragon","id":"x30096"},{"text":"scroll","id":"x44680"},{"text":"star","id":"AAT9811"},{"text":"birds","id":"x35043"},{"text":"deer","id":"x29392"},{"text":"hare","id":"x30063"},{"text":"boar","id":"x30064"},{"text":"unicorn","id":"x30658"},{"text":"coat of arms","id":"AAT126352"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["A.547:6-1910","A.547:1-1910","A.547:2-1910","A.547:3-1910","A.547:4-1910","A.547:5-1910","A.547:7-1910"],"accessionNumberNum":"547","accessionNumberPrefix":"A","accessionYear":1910,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE","Case for pastoral staff","Pastoral staff","Pastoral staff shaft (part of) [1]","Pastoral staff shaft (part of) [2]","Pastoral staff shaft (part of) [3]","Pastoral staff shaft (part of) [4]","Pastoral staff case (lid)"],"assets":["2026PP0476","2025PG6476","2025PG5110","2016JF4265","2020MP0274","2026PN8478"],"recordModificationDate":"2026-04-20","recordCreationDate":"2003-01-13","availableToBook":false}}