{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O65270"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O65270/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AL0014/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AL0014/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2006AL0014","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AK9998","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017KA8439","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O65270/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O65270","accessionNumber":"C.245-1928","objectType":"Panel","titles":[{"title":"Hosea","type":"generic title"}],"summaryDescription":"This panel is one of many in the V&A that comes from the cloisters at Mariawald. These panels come from ten windows on the west and north sides of the cloister, plus one from the north end of the eastern part. The glazing of these cloisters began about 1510 and seem to have been completed in the 1530s.\r\n\r\nMariawald was a Cistercian abbey founded in 1480. The Cistercians were a monastic order established in 1098 in Burgundy at Citeaux. The founder of the Cistercians had broken away from the Benedictines which had been the first monastic order to be established in Europe, in the 6th century.\r\n\r\nDuring the Revolutionary struggles in France and the subsequent religious upheavals under Napoleon, many monastic institutions on the continent were 'secularised' and their buildings destroyed. The abbey of Mariawald was closed down in 1802 but fortunately its buildings, including the cloisters, remain  largely intact. However, the stained glass windows had been removed and it is believed that they were purchased by John Christopher Hampp of Norwich. Hampp sold the Mariawald panels to various churches and to private collectors. Many of these were purchased by the collector, Lord Brownlow who had them installed in his new chapel at Ashridge Park in Hertfordshire between 1811 and 1831.\r\n\r\nIn 1928 the contents of Ashridge Park were sold at auction and a private collector purchased the stained glass and gave it to the Victoria & Albert Museum.\r\n\r\nW are able to reconstruct how the panels were placed in the cloister windows. Each window was composed of two openings ('lights'). Each light was composed of three large panels, plus one small tracery panel. So there would have been eight panels to each window. \r\n\r\nFrom the surviving stained glass panels we can determine the theme of the cloister glazing. Each window had two panels depicting scenes from the Old Testament and two panels with scenes from the New Testament. Above the biblical story panels, were two smaller prophet (or 'messenger') panels. These contained half-images of Old Testament prophets holding scrolls with text relating to biblical passages connected with the scenes below. At the base of each window were donor and patron saint panels. These donors were the ones who contributed to the financing of the cloister glazing.\r\n\r\nThis type of narrative arrangement is known as 'typological'. Each Old Testament story was a 'type' or a prefigurement of a New Testament story ('antitype'). The prophets on each window would hold text from the Bible relating to the Old and New Testament stories. For example, here the prophet Hosea foretells the return of the Christ Child from Egypt. This panel was placed above one showing the Old Testament story of Jacob returning with gifts to his father Isaac which in itself is the prefigurement of the New Testament story of the return of the Holy Family from Egypt.\r\n\r\nThe typological arrangement was popular in the Middle Ages. The stories were reproduced in manuscripts and in engravings from woodcuts and collectively became known as 'Biblia Pauperum' ('Bibles of the Poor'). At the end of the 15th century the Biblia Pauperum were printed in book form and sold in their thousands. These books were used as design sources for artworks including stained glass panels.","physicalDescription":"Panel of stained and painted glass depicting a half-length figure of the prophet Hosea who is holding an inscribed scroll. Hosea wears a red cloak with a gold shawl over a green tunic. The rest of the panel is painted in brown pigment and silver stain. He holds an inscribed scroll.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Rensig, Everhard","id":"A20752"},"association":{"text":"maker","id":"x40240"},"note":"possibly"},{"name":{"text":"Remisch, Gerhard","id":"A6030"},"association":{"text":"maker","id":"x40240"},"note":"possibly"}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"glass","id":"AAT10797"}],"techniques":[{"text":"painting","id":"x30598"},{"text":"silver staining","id":"x38899"},{"text":"pot metal","id":"x38933"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Clear, coloured and flashed glass with painted details and silver stain","categories":[{"text":"Stained Glass","id":"THES48891"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"CER","id":"THES48594"},"images":["2006AL0014","2006AK9998","2017KA8439"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"26","id":"THES49836"},"free":"","case":"SC010","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Panel","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Lower Rhine (Germany)","id":"x37793"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1522 to 1526","earliest":"1517-01-01","latest":"1526-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Given by E.E. Cook","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"109.5","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"in display frame","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"71.0","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"in display frame","note":""},{"dimension":"Weight","value":"14.1","unit":"kg","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"in metal frame with perspex backing with C.311-1928","note":""},{"dimension":"Depth","value":"3.2","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"in display frame","note":""},{"dimension":"Height","value":"33.0","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"sight","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"66.3","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"sight","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"Framed measurements and weight include C.311-1928.","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"Ex Egypto vocavi filium meum. Osee XI","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"Latin","medium":"stained glass","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"Hosea 11:1 I called my son out of Egypt.","transliteration":"","type":"Decoration","note":""}],"objectHistory":"In the cloister of Mariawald until about 1802.\r\nFrom about 1811 until 1928 it was installed in the Chapel at Ashridge Park, Hertfordshire.\r\n(12 July 1928) Sold at Sotheby's.\r\nThe glazing of the Mariawald cloister, confined to ten windows on the west and north sides and one at the north end of the east walk, and made up entirely of two-light windows, seems to have started at the beginning of the second decade of the 16th century and probably continued until the early 1530s. From the surviving panels and the existing windows it can be seen that the programme was made up of paired Old and New Testament scenes arranged typologically one above the other (New Testament at the second level, Old Testament in the third), as in the Biblia Pauperum, with donor panels placed on the lowest level. A prophet with a scroll occupied the cusped head of each light\r\n\r\nBelieved to be from the fifth window in the cloisters at Mariawald.","historicalContext":"Mariawald was a Cistercian abbey founded in 1480. The Cistercians were a monastic order established in 1098 in Burgundy at Citeaux. The founder of the Cistercians had broken away from the Benedictines which had been the first monastic order to be established in Europe, in the 6th century.\r\n\r\nDuring the Revolutionary struggles in France and the subsequent religious upheavals under Napoleon, many monastic institutions on the continent were 'secularised' and their buildings destroyed. The abbey of Mariawald was closed down in 1802 but fortunately its buildings, including the cloisters, remain  largely intact. However, the stained glass windows had been removed and it is believed that they were purchased by John Christopher Hampp of Norwich. Hampp sold the Mariawald panels to various churches and to private collectors. Many of these were purchased by the collector, Lord Brownlow who had them installed in his new chapel at Ashridge Park in Hertfordshire between 1811 and 1831.\r\n\r\nIn 1928 the contents of Ashridge Park were sold at auction and a private collector purchased the stained glass and gave it to the Victoria & Albert Museum.\r\n\r\nThis panel is one of many in the V&A that comes from the cloisters at Mariawald. These panels come from ten windows on the west and north sides of the cloister, plus one from the north end of the eastern part. The glazing of these cloisters began about 1510 and seem to have been completed in the 1530s.\r\n\r\nAs the cloisters were never dismantled we can reconstruct how the panels were placed in the architectural structure. The window openings in the cloisters were each composed of two openings ('lights'). Each light was composed of three large panels, plus one small tracery panel. So there would have been eight panels to each window.\r\n\r\nFrom the surviving stained glass panels we can determine the theme of the cloister glazing. Each window had two panels depicting scenes from the Old Testament and two panels with scenes from the New Testament. Above the biblical story panels, were two smaller prophet (or 'messenger') panels. These contained half-images of Old Testament prophets holding scrolls with text relating to biblical passages connected with the scenes below. At the base of each window were donor and patron saint panels. These donors were the ones who contributed to the financing of the cloister glazing.\r\n\r\nThis type of narrative arrangement is known as 'typological'. Each Old Testament story was a 'type' or a prefigurement of a New Testament story ('antitype'). For example, the Old Testament story of 'Elisha greeted by the Sons of the Prophet' was a prefigurement of the New Testament 'Entry of Christ into Jerusalem' which occurred on what we now call 'Palm Sunday'.\r\n\r\nThe typological arrangement was popular in the Middle Ages. The stories were reproduced in manuscripts and in engravings from woodcuts and collectively became known as 'Biblia Pauperum' ('Bibles of the Poor'). At the end of the 15th century the Biblia Pauperum were printed in book form and sold in their thousands. These books were used as design sources for artworks including stained glass panels.","briefDescription":"Panel of clear, coloured and flashed glass with painted details and yellow (silver) stain. Depicting the Old Testament prophet Hosea with a scroll. From the cloisters of the abbey of Mariawald. Made in the workshop of Everhard Rensig or Gerhard Remisch. German (Lower Rhine), c.1522 to 1526.","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Rackham, Bernard, 'The Ashridge stained glass', Old Furniture, vol.5 (1928), pp.33-7"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Wyatt, James, Description of the Stained Glass Panels at Ashridge Chapel, privately printed, 1906"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Goerke, C., Das Zisterzienserkloster Mariawald, Mariawald, 1932"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Clemen, Paul, Die Kunstdenkmaler der Rheinprovinz, Kreis Schleiden, XI, 2, Dusseldorf, 1932"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Rackham, Bernard, 'The Mariawald-Ashridge Glass', Burlington Magazine, Nov. 1944, pp.266-73"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Rackham, Bernard, 'The Mariawald-Ashridge Glass II', Burlington Magazine, April 1945, pp.90-4"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Rackham, Bernard, 'The Ashridge Stained Glass', Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 3rd series, vol. X (1945-7), pp.1-22"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Neuss, Wilhelm, ed., Die Glasmalereien aus dem Steinfelder Kreuzgang, Moenchengladbach, 1955"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Wolff-Wintrich, Brigitte, 'Kolner Glasmaleriei sammlungen des 19. Jahrhunderts', in Lust und Verlust Kolner Sammler zwischen Trikolore und Preussenadler, Exhibition Catalogue (Kunsthalle Koln), Koln, 1995, pp.341-54"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Kurthen, J., 'Die alten Kunstfenster', in Mariawald: Geschichte eines Klosters, Heimbach/Eifel, 1962"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Conrad, M., 'Zur Geschichte der alten Glasgemalde aus dem Kreuzgang von Kloster Mariawald', Heimatkalender des Landkreises Schleiden, 1969, pp.95-102"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Zakin, H., 'Mariawald:Cistercian Narrative', in Stained Glass as Monumental Painting (XIXth International Colloquium, CVMA, Krakow, 1998), Cracow, 2000, pp.273-80"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Jakob Polius, 'Analecta sive collectanea antiquitatem', Duren, Stadtarchiv, A30, Hs. 2"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"MR James, Notes of Glass in Ashridge Chapel, Grantham, 1906"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Hermann Schmitz, Die Glasgemalde des Koniglichen Kunstgewerbemuseums in Berlin, Berlin, 1913"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"E. Wackenroder, Die Kunstdenkmaker des Kreoses Schleiden, Dusseldorf, 1932"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"William Cole, 'A Hitherto Unrecorded Panel of Stained Glass from the Abbey of Mariawald', Journal of the British Society of Master Glass Painters, XVII (1981-2). pp.21-4"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Avril Henry, ed., Biblia Pauperum, Scolar Press, 1987"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Raguin and Zakin, Stained Glass before 1700, part 2, pp.127-9, 170-6"}],"production":"From the cloisters of the abbey at Mariawald.","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[{"text":"Hosea","id":"N1933"}],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"men","id":"AAT25928"},{"text":"prophets","id":"AAT188709"},{"text":"scrolls (information artifacts)","id":"AAT28629"},{"text":"putti","id":"AAT250465"}],"contentConcepts":[{"text":"Prophecy","id":"x38944"}],"contentLiteraryRefs":["Old Testament","Biblia Pauperum"],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["C.245-1928"],"accessionNumberNum":"245","accessionNumberPrefix":"C","accessionYear":1928,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":["2019LN2130","2019LN5427","2019LN8738","2019LR0703","2019LP7174","2019LT2849","2019LU5836","2019LV3630","2019LX0535"],"recordModificationDate":"2025-10-30","recordCreationDate":"2002-05-08","availableToBook":false}}