{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O621764"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O621764/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2009CP9326/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2009CP9326/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2009CP9326","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2019LK8250","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O621764/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O621764","accessionNumber":"27965","objectType":"Print","titles":[{"title":"Hell","type":"assigned by artist"}],"summaryDescription":"One of the earliest engravings to be made in Italy, this print was the first that reproduced a known piece of artwork and labelled itself as such. The image comes from a fresco in the Camposanto in Pisa. This print's wide circulation made the fresco famous. The maker of the print is unknown but he was probably working in Florence because he used the Fine Manner style of engraving associated with that city with its tradition of niello engraving. The style is characterised by cross-hatching in the darker shaded areas and well-defined contour lines, produced using a round-ended burin called a ciappollo. A famous Florentine engraver and niellist, Baccio Baldini worked in a similar style. Baldini is thought to have used this print as a source for some of his own images of Hell.\r\n\r\nThe fresco was painted in the late 1340s, now attributed to Francesco Triani. This image of Hell follows more traditional iconography seen in earlier frescos and mosaics, but combines this with some new details from Dante's description of Inferno in his Divine Comedy. The Camposanto fresco became a sensation when it was first painted, probably its most original and influential imagery being the gluttons being force-fed at the dinner table. Recognisable imagery from older sources include avarice, the soul bottom left being force-fed molten gold coins (being emptied into a cauldron near-by). Some of the numerous crowned figures below Satan's feet are named, as is Simon Magus, the 'father of heretics'.","physicalDescription":"Lucifer, with three faces, stands centre devouring the wicked. At the base of his abdomen is another face, out of the mouth of which a devil is pulling the body of Simon Magus, whose name is inscribed in reverse. The devils holds two other men in his hands who are each being bitten by a serpent which twist around the devil's arms. The rest of the engraving is split into four rows in which souls are being tormented in various manners.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Triani, Francesco","id":"A29805"},"association":{"text":"artist","id":"AAT25103"},"note":"after a fresco by"},{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"engraver","id":"x30813"},"note":"'circle of Baccio Baldini' according to Barstch. See references."},{"name":{"text":"Orcagna, Bernardo","id":"A28492"},"association":{"text":"artist","id":"AAT25103"},"note":"after a fresco by (former attribution)"},{"name":{"text":"Baldini, Baccio","id":"A28493"},"association":{"text":"engraver","id":"x30813"},"note":"Former attribution in old card cat. This attribution disputed in Bartsch who refers to the anonymous engraver as from the 'circle of Baldini'. See references."}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"ink","id":"AAT15012"},{"text":"paper","id":"x30308"}],"techniques":[{"text":"engraving","id":"AAT53225"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Engraving on paper","categories":[{"text":"Prints","id":"THES48903"},{"text":"Religion","id":"THES48900"},{"text":"Christianity","id":"THES48978"}],"styles":[{"text":"Renaissance","id":"AAT21140"},{"text":"Fine Manner","id":"AAT41506"}],"collectionCode":{"text":"PDP","id":"THES48595"},"images":["2009CP9326","2019LK8250"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"LVLE","id":"THES49657"},"free":"","case":"I","shelf":"2","box":"B"}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"print","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Italy","id":"x28927"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1470","earliest":"1465-01-01","latest":"1474-12-31"},"association":{"text":"engraved","id":"AAT53829"},"note":""},{"date":{"text":"1800-1899","earliest":"1800-01-01","latest":"1899-12-31"},"association":{"text":"printed","id":"x46159"},"note":"19th century restrike"}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"216","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"2019","earliest":"2019-01-01","latest":"2019-12-31"},"part":"image","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"278","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"2019","earliest":"2019-01-01","latest":"2019-12-31"},"part":"image","note":""},{"dimension":"Height","value":"234","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"2019","earliest":"2019-01-01","latest":"2019-12-31"},"part":"sheet","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"290","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"2019","earliest":"2019-01-01","latest":"2019-12-31"},"part":"sheet","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"QUESTO. ELINFERNO. DEL. CHAPOSANTO. DIPISA","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"top left on plate"},{"content":"SIMON MAGUS","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"In reverse below his body"},{"content":"[collectors mark of Reverend James Burleigh]","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"Lugt 1425"}],"objectHistory":"Reverend James Burleigh (collector's mark), middle of 19th century, collection sold 1877.","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Engraving. Unknown artist from the circle of Baccio Baldini, after a fresco attributed to Francesco Triani. Hell, about 1470; Italy","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Bartsch, Adam von, 1757-1821. <u>The illustrated Bartsch</u>. New York : Abaris Books, 1978-, Vol. 24, part 2, no. B.028, pp. 165-7"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Meiss, Millard. 'The Problem of Francesco Triani'. in <u>The Art Bulletin</u>, 15, 1933, pp. 97-173."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Carli, Enzo. <u>Pittura pisana del trecento</u>. 1958-61, Vol. I, pp. 55-61, pls. 114-18."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Passavant, J.D. <u>Le Peintre-Graveur</u>. Leipzig, 1860-64. Vol. 5, pp. 43-44, no. 102."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Kollof, E. 'Baldini', in Julius Meyer, ed. <u>Allgemeines Künstler-Lexikon (Zweite gänzlich neubearbeitete Auflage von Nagler's Künstler-Lexikon), Vol. 2, pp. 604-5, no. I, 144."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Phillips, John Goldsmith. <u>Early Florentine Designers and Engravers</u>. Cambridge, Mass., 1955. pp. 66-67, 87."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Morrona, Alessandro da. <u>Pisa illustrata nelle arti de; disegno</u>. Pisa, 1787-93 and 1812. Vol. 2, p. 243 and pl. 10."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Hind, A.M. <u>Early Italian Engraving</u>. Washington, 1948,. Vol. 5, p. 311."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Levenson et al. <u>Early Italian Engravings from the National Gallery of Art</u>. Washington, 1973. pp. 42-43, no. 10."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Landau, David and Peter Parshall. <The Renaissance Print, 1470-1550</u>. New Haven and London, 1994. p. 162."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Lugt, Fritz. <u>Les marques de collections de dessins & d'estampes</u>. (San Francisco: Alan Wofsy Fine Arts, 1975), p. 257, no. 1425"}],"production":"fresco attributed to Bernardo Orcagna and engraving to Baccio Baldini on old V&A card catalogue; fresco most frequently attributed to Francesco Triani","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[{"text":"Lucifer","id":"N1302"}],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"men","id":"AAT25928"},{"text":"women","id":"AAT25943"},{"text":"snakes","id":"x35616"},{"text":"devils","id":"x33590"},{"text":"tridents","id":"x31765"},{"text":"hell","id":"AAT185657"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["27965"],"accessionNumberNum":"27965","accessionNumberPrefix":"","accessionYear":null,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-23","recordCreationDate":"2009-06-30","availableToBook":false}}