{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O59518"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O59518/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2010EC1132/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2010EC1132/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2010EC1132","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AM5786","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O59518/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O59518","accessionNumber":"IS.2-1984","objectType":"Manuscript page","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"This Samgrahanisutra text presents a particular aspect of the Jain cosmological view. It shows the great world rulers, who are represented as subordinate deities in the service of the Jinas (saviour-teachers).\r\n\r\nThis painting depicts the first named ruler, Asurakumara, seated on a lotus throne in the upper left. He is associated with the Vedic deity Indra and wears a crown adorned with peacock feathers.  His yellow dhoti contrasts dramatically with his dark complexion.\r\n\r\nAsurakumarae is accompanied by his so-called ‘six jewels’, who celebrate him in song and dance.  These jewels are the celestial dancers (‘natta’), the celestial musicians (‘gandharva’), the horse (‘ghoda’), the elephant (‘hathi’), the chariot (‘ratha’), and the soldiers (‘subhata’).  In addition, the two right-hand frames of the lower register depict a young bull and a buffalo. \r\n\r\nIn the early 17th century, editions of the Samgrahanisutra followed the prevalent Mughal style. This painting represents a clear break from the lingering medieval Jain conventions. It combines Mughal elements with the traditional Western Indian format that used compartments and registers. The treatment of the costumes is inspired by Mughal conventions. The decorative handling of landscape, with schematic use of tree and flower motifs, illustrates the non-Mughal elements.","physicalDescription":"Manuscript folio recto, watercolour paint on paper. In the early seventeenth century, editions of the <i>Samgrahanisutra</i>were produced in a manner reflecting aspects of the prevalent Mughal style. Painting such as the one illustrated represent a clear break from the lingering medieval Jain conventions. They demonstrate an adoption of Moghul elements wedded to a traditional Western Indian format with its use of compartments and registers. The conventions employed for the depiction of horses, with slender legs issuing from rounded bodies, seem to derive directly from Moghul styles developed in the late-sixteenth century Akbari period.  Similarly, the costume conventions are of Moghul inspiration, but the decorative and unnaturalistic handling of  landscape betrays the intervention of non-Moghul elements (witness the schematic use of tree and flower motifs). The origins of this style remain unclear, though southern or eastern Rajasthan rather than Gujarat seems most likely, judging from similarities to early-seventeenth century Mewari painting.\r\nThis text presents a particular aspect of the Jain cosmological view, that of the great world rulers, who are represented as subordinate deities in the service of the Jinas.  \r\nThese rulers are grouped in ten classes, and it is the first named, Asurakumara, who is depicted in this painting, seated on a lotus throne in the upper left. He is associated\r\nwith Indra, a Vedic deity from whom he is ultimately derived, and wears a crown adorned with peacock feathers.  Asurakumara, whose yellow dhoti contrasts dramatically with his dark complextion, is accompanied by his so-called \" six jewels,\" who celebrate him in song and dance.  These jewels are the celestial dancers (natta), the celestial musicians (gandharva), the horse (ghoda), the elephant (hathi), the chariot (ratha), and the soldiers (subhata).  In addition, the two right-hand frames of the lower register depict a young bull and a buffalo. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"watercolour","id":"AAT15045"},{"text":"paper","id":"AAT14109"}],"techniques":[{"text":"painted","id":"AAT54216"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Painted in watercolour on paper","categories":[{"text":"Paintings","id":"THES48917"},{"text":"Manuscripts","id":"THES48922"},{"text":"Religion","id":"THES48900"},{"text":"Jain","id":"THES49013"},{"text":"Bonita Trust Indian Paintings Cataloguing Project","id":"THES263148"}],"styles":[{"text":"Western Indian","id":"AAT19057"}],"collectionCode":{"text":"SSEA","id":"THES48598"},"images":["2010EC1132","2006AM5786"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"009","id":"THES403546"},"free":"","case":"","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"manuscript page","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Rajasthan","id":"x29841"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":"possibly"},{"place":{"text":"Gujarat","id":"x29825"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":"possibly"},{"place":{"text":"India","id":"x29790"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":"Western"}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1630","earliest":"1625-01-01","latest":"1634-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Length","value":"26","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Depth","value":"11.5","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Manuscript page, folio recto from a <i>Samgrahanisutra</i> Manuscript, Asurakumara, paint on paper, Rajasthan or Gujarat, ca. 1630","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"Pal, Pratapaditya Dr. (Ed.) <i>The Peaceful Liberators: Jain Art from India</i>, New York and London, Los Angeles County Museum of Art and V&A, 1995","id":"AUTH353257"},"details":"Guy, John, p.216","free":""},{"reference":{"text":"Jaina painting and manuscript culture : in memory of Paolo Pianarosa / [edited by] Julia A.B. Hegewald. Number: 9783868931747 (hd.bd.), 3868931740 (hd.bd.)","id":"AUTH338450"},"details":"p. 116, pl. 4.11","free":""}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"Asurakumara, seated on a lotus throne in the upper left.   ","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[{"text":"Asurakumara","id":"AUTH327134"},{"text":"Indra","id":"N883"}],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"throne","id":"AAT38141"},{"text":"demon","id":"x35488"},{"text":"ruler","id":"AAT25475"},{"text":"bull","id":"x30279"},{"text":"buffalo","id":"x30113"},{"text":"elephant","id":"x30316"},{"text":"horse","id":"x34864"}],"contentConcepts":[{"text":"Jain","id":"x32296"}],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"PAGES FROM TWO SAMGRAHANISUTRA MANUSCRIPTS \r\n\r\nABOVE: THE GOD ASURAKUMARA AND HIS SIX JEWELS \r\n\r\nOpaque watercolour on paperWestern India, probably Rajasthan, c.1630 \r\n\r\nIS.2-1984 \r\n\r\nThe Samgrahanisutra is a cosmological text. Asurakumara is one of the Bhavanavasin gods of the highest of the underworlds. He is shown seated on a lotus throne with six ‘jewels’including dancers, musicians, a chariot and soldiers. A bull and a buffalo also appear. This painting shows marked influence from the Mughal style developed from the late 16th century.","date":{"text":"14/05/2010","earliest":"2010-05-14","latest":"2010-05-14"}}],"partNumbers":["IS.2-1984"],"accessionNumberNum":"2","accessionNumberPrefix":"IS","accessionYear":1984,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-25","recordCreationDate":"2001-06-07","availableToBook":true}}