{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O59380"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O59380/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2018KW4279/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2018KW4279/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2018KW4279","copyright":"©Victoria & Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2018KW4278","copyright":"©Victoria & Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2018KW4275","copyright":"©Victoria & Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2018KW4276","copyright":"©Victoria & Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2018KW4277","copyright":"©Victoria & Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O59380/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O59380","accessionNumber":"IM.19-1915","objectType":"Pazi (frog drum)","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"","physicalDescription":"Mortar shaped, with flat top and projecting rim. There are two double looped handles for suspension while the drum is being played.\r\n\r\nOn the flat tympanum, around a central 8 pointed star there are three frogs, one upon the other, at four points near the edge. It is further ornamented with concentric rings, birds, fish and rosettes. \r\nOn the sides of the drum one vertical row of elephants and two rows of salamanders partly conceal where the metal plates of the drum have been soldered. Bands of geometrical motifs also ornament the body.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"bronze","id":"AAT10957"}],"techniques":[{"text":"casting","id":"AAT53104"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Cast bronze using the cire perdue process","categories":[{"text":"Metalwork","id":"THES48920"},{"text":"Bronze","id":"THES49033"},{"text":"Musical instruments","id":"THES48919"}],"styles":[{"text":"Konbaung","id":"x30379"}],"collectionCode":{"text":"SSEA","id":"THES48598"},"images":["2018KW4279","2018KW4278","2018KW4275","2018KW4276","2018KW4277"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"002","id":"THES344058"},"free":"","case":"","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"War drum","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Shan","id":"x33380"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""},{"place":{"text":"Burma","id":"x30037"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"19th century","earliest":"1800-01-01","latest":"1900-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Given by Mrs Gertrude Winterson","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"47","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Diameter","value":"63.5","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Height","value":"55","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"Historical significance: These drums have a long history. Thought to have auspicious properties they were used on a variety of courtly, monastic as well as military occasions. They were also highly valued as gifts.\r\n\r\nGiven by Mrs Gertrude Winterson, 162 Finborough Road, South Kensington, S.W. This acquisition information reflects that found in the Museum records (Asia Department registers and/or Central Inventory) as part of a 2023 provenance research project.\r\n\r\nR.P. 1915-4079M","historicalContext":"Bronze drums of this type were used among the non-Buddhist Karen as a device to assure prosperity by inducing the spirits to bring rain. The Karen also used them in other rituals such as funerals, marriages and house-entering ceremonies. \n\r\nWhen played, the drums were strung up by a cord to a tree limb or a house beam so that the tympanum hung at 45° angle. The musician placed his big toe in the lower set of lugs to stabilize the drum while striking the tympanum with a padded mallet.\r\n\nThe Buddhist kings of Burma and Thailand however used the bronze drums as musical instruments to be played at court and as appropriate gifts to Buddhist temples and monasteries.\r\n\r\n","briefDescription":"Cast bronze pazi (frog drum), made by the Shan for the Karens. Mortar shaped with a pair of double looped handles. Featuring frogs and elephants in high relief together with birds, fish, rosettes and geometric designs, Konbaung Dynasty (1752-1885), 19th century","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Ferrar's \"Burma\", pp. 153 & fig. 353\r\nS.F. Lu \"Burmese Crafts\" 1994, pp. 139-141; pl. 125"}],"production":"Attribution note: The donor stated that such drums were made in the Shan territory for use by the Shan Tribe (lowland) or the Karen Tribe (hillmen). Further Sylvia Fraser-Lu in her \"Burmese Crafts\"; 1994; claims that it is known that throughout the 19th century these bronze drums were cast by Shan craftsmen at Ngwe-daung, 13 kilometres south of Loi-kaw, capital of Kayah State. They were subsequently traded to Karens and other people in South East Asia.","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["IM.19-1915"],"accessionNumberNum":"19","accessionNumberPrefix":"IM","accessionYear":1915,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-08-19","recordCreationDate":"2001-06-04","availableToBook":true}}