{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O55148"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O55148/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AM3100/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AM3100/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2006AM3100","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006BD3073","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2012FP8216","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2012FP8218","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2012FP8220","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2012FP8225","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2012FP8230","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2012FV4915","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2012FV4914","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017JU0642","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O55148/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O55148","accessionNumber":"W.46A-1946","objectType":"Stool","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"<b>Object Type</b><br>Stools were perhaps the most common form of seating and were found in large numbers in any house. Sometimes they were upholstered en suite with the bed, chairs and curtains of a bedchamber. They were, however, reserved for people lower down the hierarchy than those entitled to a chair. Randle Holme's <i>Academy of Armory </i> (1688) contains a table of everyday objects. They include a 'joynt stoole', made up of a wooden seat set on four legs; an ordinary stool covered with upholstery, so more expensive; and a 'turned stoole', consisting of a triangular wooden seat placed just below the tops of three rounded or turned legs. <br><br><b>Materials & Making</b> <br>The legs of this stool are turned and decorated with grooves, made by a gouge or scraper. They are linked to each other by stretchers, whose tenons (pared-down protrusions) slot into mortises (squared holes).  The rails immediately beneath the seat are slotted into a groove on the inside of the leg and held in position by dowels or wooden pegs. The seat is fixed to the frame by means of dowels. <br><br><b>Time</b> <br>These stools were often used with the 'drawer' table that became popular around 1600. This kind of table  had leaves that could be 'drawn' or pulled out so as to expand to the required length. With such a table, a variable number of stools could be used, whereas the bench or form was of a fixed length.","physicalDescription":"Stool. Joined and turned oak. Plain rectangular tops above plain frame with  shaped lower edging. Fluted tapering legs connected by plain stretchers.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"oak","id":"AAT12264"}],"techniques":[{"text":"Turned","id":"AAT53158"},{"text":"carving","id":"AAT53149"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Oak, turned and joined","categories":[{"text":"British Galleries","id":"THES48985"},{"text":"Furniture","id":"THES48948"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"FWK","id":"THES48597"},"images":["2006AM3100","2006BD3073","2012FP8216","2012FP8218","2012FP8220","2012FP8225","2012FP8230","2012FV4915","2012FV4914","2017JU0642"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"135","id":"THES49878"},"free":"","case":"BY6","shelf":"EXP","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Stool","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"England","id":"x28826"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"1580-1625","earliest":"1580-01-01","latest":"1625-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Given by Brigadier W. E. Clark CMG, DSO through Art Fund","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"58.4","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"48.3","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Depth","value":"31.5","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"Dimensions checked: Measured; 21/06/2000 by KB","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"From Horeham Hall, Essex 1860","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"Ink on round adhesive label with blue border on underside of seat"},{"content":"304/ and/ 6u.p.9/ Chair and/ two[?] store","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"Ink on round adhesive label with blue border on underside of seat"},{"content":"<u>A Pair of old Coffin or Joint/ Stools</u> from Debden in Essex./ These stools used to be kept as/ \npart of the furniture and/ used in case of a death/ in the house. E Humphrey Hall[?]","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"Ink on pasted paper on underside of seat"}],"objectHistory":"At one time in Horeham Hall and Debden Hall, both in Essex.\r\n\r\nNotes from R.P. 45/233\r\n\r\n6/2/32 Minute paper, Ralph Edwards\r\noutlines Clark's bequest proposal and reports that \"the bulk\" of his collection has been bought from Messrs Greenwood of Harrogate, \"well known North Country dealers\"\r\n\r\n4/9/46 letter, Clark to Edwards\r\nenclosed a list of objects available to the Museum.  Among them \"A pair of early 17th century oak stools with shaped underframing and tapering fluted legs. 1'10 1/2\" high, the tops 1'7\" x 11 1/2\"\"\r\n\r\nThe Gift form\r\nLists as \"English, about 1600\"","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"English, 1580-1625, oak","bibliographicReferences":[],"production":"Made in England, possibly in the south-east","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"W.46 & A-1946\r\n\r\nPAIR OF STOOLS\r\nENGLISH; early 17th century\r\nOak, turned and carved\r\n\r\nSuch pairs are often called 'coffin stools' as they may have served to support a coffin.  These examples are of exceptional elegance.\r\n\r\nGiven by Brigadier W. E. Clark, C.M.G., D.S.O. through the National Art-Collections Fund.","date":{"text":"pre October 2000","earliest":null,"latest":"2000-09-30"}},{"text":"British Galleries:\r\nStools had many uses as seats and small tables.  Their hard wooden seats might be softened with loose cushions.","date":{"text":"27/03/2003","earliest":"2003-03-27","latest":"2003-03-27"}},{"text":"Stool \r\nAbout 1600\r\n\r\nEngland\r\nOak, turned and carved\r\n\r\nGift of Brigadier W.E. Clark CMG, DSO through the Art Fund \r\nMuseum no. W.46A-1946\r\n\r\nThis joined stool is made entirely of wood. Sixteen mortise-and-tenon joints unite the turned legs to the horizontal rails (above) and stretchers (below). Each joint is cut with saw and chisel. Once assembled, it is locked with one or two wooden pegs. The construction is exceptionally robust, yet light and ideal for hard domestic use. \r\n","date":{"text":"01/12/2012","earliest":"2012-12-01","latest":"2012-12-01"}}],"partNumbers":["W.46A-1946"],"accessionNumberNum":"46","accessionNumberPrefix":"W","accessionYear":1946,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":["2019LN2463","2019LR1260","2019LP4081","2019LU2508"],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-23","recordCreationDate":"2001-02-16","availableToBook":false}}