{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O5277"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O5277/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AT2670/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AT2670/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2006AT2670","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O5277/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O5277","accessionNumber":"C.56-1992","objectType":"Mask","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"This mask was made when <i>pâte de verre</i> (glass paste) was a new technique. César Isidore Henry Cros (1840-1907) first used moulded powdered coloured glass when he was trying to make small-scale coloured sculptures like those of Ancient Greece, Rome and Egypt. He was fascinated by the ancient world, spoke both Greek and Latin, and used images, such as this classical-style face, in many of his works. \r\nCros produced his first <i>pâte de verre</i> in workshops at home. In 1891 he was offered a spare kiln at the Sèvres National Manufactory, where this mask was probably made. Cros was a very private man who kept his techniques a closely guarded secret. He nevertheless influenced a generation of glass makers who worked with <i>pâte de verre</i> and other forms of glass paste.","physicalDescription":"Henry Cros was much influenced by the ancient world and used images, such as this classical-style face, in many of his works. In an attempt to make coloured sculptures and reliefs like the ancient Greeks, Romans and Egyptians, he developed an entirely new technique of moulding coloured glass pastes called pâte-de-verre.\nThis object is made in a mould using the pâte-de-verre technique, with coloured enamels.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Cros, Henry","id":"A598"},"association":{"text":"designer and maker","id":"x34662"},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"glass","id":"AAT10797"},{"text":"enamel","id":"AAT14910"}],"techniques":[{"text":"pâte-de-verre","id":"x40244"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Pâte-de-verre (glass paste), enamels","categories":[{"text":"ELISE","id":"THES48961"},{"text":"Glass","id":"THES48946"},{"text":"Enamels","id":"THES48876"}],"styles":[{"text":"19TH CONT","id":"x29275"}],"collectionCode":{"text":"CER","id":"THES48594"},"images":["2006AT2670"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"131 (VA)","id":"THES49882"},"free":"","case":"30","shelf":"2","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Mask","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Sèvres","id":"x29522"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"c. 1890 - 1895","earliest":"1885-01-01","latest":"1895-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Given by Victor Arwas","dimensions":[],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"'Cros' ","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"Makers's mark","note":"Makers's mark painted (possibly in enamel)"}],"objectHistory":"","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Pâte-de-verre mask, by Henry Cros, Sèvres, c. 1890-1895","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Belfort, A-M in Cahiers de la Céramique du verre et des Arts du Feu, No 39, 1967: Pâtes de verre d'Henry Cros, pp. 176-87"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Arwas, V: Glass Art Nouveau-Art Deco. Sèvres."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Paris, Musée d'Orsay: catalogue sommaire...Koln, Museum fur angewandte Kunst, Schenkung Funke Kaiser, p. 21-23"}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"César Isidore Henry Cros (1840-1907) experimented and produced his first pâte-de-verre in workshops at home. In 1891 he was offered a spare kiln at the Sèvres National Manufactory where this mask was probably made. Cros was fascinated by the ancient world, was proficient in both Greek and Latin and in his art used images like this classical-style face in many of his works.  He studied ancient art techniques including that of the Egyptians in glass making.  In his attempts to make small-scale coloured sculpture his researches led him to the development of pâte-de-verre, a method of producing moulded works in powdered glass with metallic oxides for colouring.  An extremely private man who kept his techniques a closely guarded secret he was, nevertheless, very influential.  After him came a generation of glass makers in pâte-de-verre and other forms of 'glass paste' including his own son, Jean, and Albert-Louis Dammouse, also working at Sèvres.","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null}}],"partNumbers":["C.56-1992"],"accessionNumberNum":"56","accessionNumberPrefix":"C","accessionYear":1992,"otherNumbers":[{"type":{"text":"Glass gallery number","id":"THES50491"},"number":"9516"}],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-23","recordCreationDate":"1997-12-13","availableToBook":false}}