{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O499576"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O499576/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2009CD9440/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2009CD9440/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2009CD9440","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London/Harold Cohen","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O499576/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O499576","accessionNumber":"E.326-2009","objectType":"Drawing","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"Cohen trained as a painter and represented Britain at the 1966 Venice Biennale. In 1968 he became a visiting professor at the University of California at San Diego, where he was introduced to computer programming.  In 1971 Cohen took up a post as visiting scholar in the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at Stanford University. While at the Artificial Intelligence Lab, he began developing a computer program called Aaron, in which he sought to codify the act of drawing.  In its early years Aaron could only produce monochrome line drawings.  This example was hand coloured by Cohen.","physicalDescription":"Computer-generated drawing with hand colouring on paper.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Cohen, Harold","id":"A3453"},"association":{"text":"artist","id":"AAT25103"},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"paper","id":"x30308"},{"text":"ink","id":"AAT15012"},{"text":"coloured pencil","id":"x34757"}],"techniques":[{"text":"computer-generated","id":"x44521"},{"text":"hand-colouring","id":"AAT133555"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Computer-generated drawing with hand colouring","categories":[{"text":"Drawings","id":"THES48966"},{"text":"Computer Art","id":"THES49037"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"PDP","id":"THES48595"},"images":["2009CD9440"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"LVLC","id":"THES49171"},"free":"","case":"MB2E","shelf":"DR54","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"drawing","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"United States","id":"x29333"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"1974","earliest":"1974-01-01","latest":"1974-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Given by Harold Cohen","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"28","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Length","value":"21.8","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"'Harold Cohen 1974'","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"Artist's signature and date in pencil in lower right side"}],"objectHistory":"","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Drawing, computer-generated, with hand colouring, by Harold Cohen, 1974.","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"Arreola, P., Gardner, C. and Lenz, M. Digital Art: 1960s - Now. London: Thames & Hudson with the Victoria and Albert Museum, 2024,","id":"AUTH407700"},"details":"p. 29, fig. 10.","free":""}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"Chance and Control: Art in the Age of Computers (2018)\n\nHAROLD COHEN (1928–2016)\r\nUntitled\r\nUSA, 1974\n\r\nIn 1971, Cohen became a visiting scholar at Stanford University’s Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. While there, he began to develop AARON, a computer program designed to produce art autonomously. In its early years AARON could only produce monochrome abstract drawings like this one, which was hand-coloured by Cohen. By the 1980s the program could produce some real-world shapes, including foliage and human figures.\n\r\nComputer-generated drawing by AARON, with hand colouring by Harold Cohen\r\nGiven by the artist\r\nMuseum no. E326-2009","date":{"text":"07/07/2018-18/11/2018","earliest":"2018-07-07","latest":"2018-11-18"}},{"text":"Harold Cohen born 1928\r\nUntitled\r\n1974\r\n\r\nWhile at the Artificial Intelligence Lab, Cohen began developing a computer program called Aaron, in which he sought to codify the act of drawing.  In its early years Aaron could only produce monochrome line drawings. This example was hand coloured by Cohen.\r\n\r\nComputer-generated drawing with hand colouring \r\nGiven by Harold Cohen\r\nMuseum no. E.326-2009","date":{"text":"07/12/2009 - 25/04/2010","earliest":"2009-12-07","latest":"2010-04-25"}}],"partNumbers":["E.326-2009"],"accessionNumberNum":"326","accessionNumberPrefix":"E","accessionYear":2009,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-23","recordCreationDate":"2009-06-30","availableToBook":false}}