{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O48843"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O48843/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AM2970/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AM2970/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2006AM2970","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O48843/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O48843","accessionNumber":"C.31-2000","objectType":"Bottle","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"<b>Object Type</b><br>The form of the so-called 'Bartmann' ('bearded man'; also known in England as a 'bellarmine') stoneware bottle, made at Frechen in the Rhineland, was standardised by about 1600. It continued with only minor changes to the body profile and a gradual deterioration in quality until the end of the 17th century. This piece, closely datable to 1660-65, is a good example of its type.<br><br><b>Trading</b><br>Until John Dwight, founder of the Fulham Pottery, patented his stoneware in 1672,  Britain was entirely dependent on Germany for its stoneware bottles and beer mugs. These were shipped along the Rhine by Dutch merchants to convenient ports such as Rotterdam and Nijmegen. After reaching London, they were distributed to the rest of the country. So complete was the Dutch control over the stoneware bottle trade that from about 1600 some of the leading merchants commissioned bottles with their name, arms or merchant's mark from Frechen potteries, no doubt to serve as an advertisement. Jan op de Kamp was an associate of Pieter van den Ancker, many of whose bottles have survived. Both were closely involved in the Frechen-London bottle trade.<br><br><b>Time</b><br>The last mass importation of German stoneware bottles took place in the 1660s for three reasons. The popularity of the new English black glass bottle was increasing rapidly, the stoneware bottle trade ceased during the three Dutch Wars of the late 17th century, and by 1675 Dwight's Fulham Pottery was in full production.","physicalDescription":"German bartmann jug","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"salt glaze","id":"AAT48635"},{"text":"Stoneware","id":"x30197"}],"techniques":[],"materialsAndTechniques":"Salt-glazed stoneware, dipped in an iron-rich slip","categories":[{"text":"Ceramics","id":"THES48982"},{"text":"Containers","id":"THES48972"},{"text":"British Galleries","id":"THES48985"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"CER","id":"THES48594"},"images":["2006AM2970"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"56D","id":"THES49242"},"free":"","case":"CA13","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Bottle","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Germany","id":"x28873"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1660-1665","earliest":"1655-01-01","latest":"1665-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Given by Jan van Loo","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"22.5","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Diameter","value":"14.2","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"Dimensions checked: Measured;  by NH","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"Marked 'IODK' for Jan op de Kamp (active about 1660-1670), a Dutch bottle dealer who is known to have shipped Frechen stonewares along the Rhine to Rotterdam and thence to London\n\nThe bottle is a waster (imperfect, rejected product), excavated at Frechen Made at Frechen, near Cologne, Germany","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Frechen salt gazed stoneware with Bartmann mask and medallion of 'IODK' for Jan op de Kamp. German ca. 1660-1665","bibliographicReferences":[],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"British Galleries:\nSTONEWARE BOTTLES<br>\nVast numbers of salt-glazed stoneware bottles and beer mugs were shipped by Dutch merchants from the mouth of the Rhine to London. Potters in England attempted to make stoneware using German expertise, but at first they were unsuccessful, both technically and commercially. Apart from his independent discovery of the salt-glaze technique, John Dwight's success lay in identifying suitable clays and developing reliable high-temperature kilns for the new stoneware.","date":{"text":"27/03/2003","earliest":"2003-03-27","latest":"2003-03-27"}}],"partNumbers":["C.31-2000"],"accessionNumberNum":"31","accessionNumberPrefix":"C","accessionYear":2000,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":["2019LR2488","2019LP3787","2019LU4192","2019LV5245","2019LW4072"],"recordModificationDate":"2025-06-24","recordCreationDate":"2000-10-13","availableToBook":false}}