{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O479767"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O479767/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2010EA0677/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2010EA0677/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2010EA0677","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O479767/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O479767","accessionNumber":"IS.41-1951","objectType":"Head","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"","physicalDescription":"The head of an old man, in terracotta. Brown with whitish deposits. The face is gaunt, with sunken cheeks, arched eyebrows and a bald head.","artistMakerPerson":[],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"Terracotta","id":"AAT10669"}],"techniques":[{"text":"Moulded","id":"x30076"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"","categories":[{"text":"Ceramics","id":"THES48982"}],"styles":[{"text":"Hellenistic","id":"AAT20101"}],"collectionCode":{"text":"SSEA","id":"THES48598"},"images":["2010EA0677"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"137 (VA)","id":"THES49876"},"free":"","case":"R","shelf":"3","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Head","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Taxila","id":"x31234"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"c.180 BC-50 BC or 4th century-5th century AD","earliest":"-0185-01-01","latest":"0500-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"5.3","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"4","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Depth","value":"4.3","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"From the collection of Colonel D.H. Gordon, D.S.O., O.B.E.\r\nThis head reflects the strong Greek and Roman influences in the area of Taxila and Gandhara in nothern Pakistan. After  the arrival of Alexander the Great of Macedonia (336-323BC), who crossed the Indus in 327BC, and a very brief period of Greek rule, the Hellenistic kingdom of Bactria to the north-west survived for a while and Greek kingdoms were established in Gandhara in the early 2nd-1st centuries BC. These influences were subseqently sustained by trade and cultural contacts with the Roman empire.","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"old man; Sculpture, terracotta, Taxila, Gandhara, Pakistan, 2nd century BC-5th century AD","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Marshall, Sir John. Taxila : an illustrated account of archaeological excavations. 3 volumes, New Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass, 1951, reprinted 1977."}],"production":"Ascribed to the Hellenistic period in Taxila (the period of Greek rule in this region spanning the 2nd century BC to the 1st century BC), this figure also has some affinities with terracottas ascribed by Sir John Marshall to the 4th-5th centuries AD.","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["IS.41-1951"],"accessionNumberNum":"41","accessionNumberPrefix":"IS","accessionYear":1951,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-23","recordCreationDate":"2009-06-25","availableToBook":false}}