{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O4669"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O4669/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AN6371/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AN6371/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2006AN6371","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017JW4740","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O4669/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O4669","accessionNumber":"C.401-1936","objectType":"Beaker","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"This small drinking cup illustrates the taste for luxury at the Royal court in Dresden. So-called <i>Zwischengoldglas</i> was very difficult and time consuming to make and therefore extremely expensive. The glass makers carefully ground and polished two glass cups, so that the inner cup would fit exactly into the outer. They covered the inside of the outer cup with gold leaf, which they then engraved with a design. The inner cup was gilded on the outside then painted over with marbling. After decoration, the glass maker would stick the two cups together and carefully seal them at the top to make them waterproof and fit for use. This technique correspond to instructions given in the \"Ars Vitraria Experimentalis\", Johann Kunckel's celebrated treatise on glassmaking of 1679. A number of glasses with this decoration survive, and the group has recently been attributed to Dresden in Saxony.","physicalDescription":"Small beaker constructed from two clear, colourless glass beakers with internal painterd marbling and engraved leaf-gold  <i>Zwischengoldglas</i> 'gold-sandwich', decoration showing a monkey wearing a hat with plume and playing a guitar. \n\n","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"glass","id":"AAT10797"}],"techniques":[{"text":"glass-blowing","id":"AAT53932"},{"text":"painting","id":"x30598"},{"text":"gilding","id":"AAT53789"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"See reference for Frances Federer, <i>Gold Leaf, Paint and Glass,</i> p. 5. The technique for this piece is thought to be as follows: \n'Two glasses blown, ground and polished to fit exactly within one another.  \nGlass 1 outer.  Inside:water gilded, engraved (upside down and in reverse).  All extra gold removed.  Painted overall in <i>faux</i> agate, with oil-based paints.\nGlass 2: inner.  Outisde: water gilded.  Maybe protected with with a varnish of some kind. \nThe two are assembled and sealed at the rim with a resin.  The glass would have been usable as a vessel.'","categories":[{"text":"ELISE","id":"THES48961"},{"text":"Drinking","id":"THES48965"},{"text":"Glass","id":"THES48946"}],"styles":[{"text":"EUROPE","id":"AAT20656"},{"text":"ZWISCHENGOLDGLAS","id":"x29323"}],"collectionCode":{"text":"CER","id":"THES48594"},"images":["2006AN6371","2017JW4740"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"3","id":"THES263060"},"free":"","case":"CA15","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Tumbler","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Dresden","id":"x28810"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":"probably"}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"1720-1730","earliest":"1720-01-01","latest":"1730-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Wilfred Buckley Collection","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"65","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"26.09.12","earliest":"2012-09-26","latest":"2012-09-26"},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Diameter","value":"70","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"26.09.12","earliest":"2012-09-26","latest":"2012-09-26"},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"Formerly in the Wilfred Buckley Collection","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Glass beaker, gold-sandwich glass, probably Dresden, 1720-30, marbled and engraved gilt decoration showing a monkey playing a guitar. ","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Von Strasser and Spiegl (19  ; cat 216) for general type and attribution."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Axel von Saldern, 'Zwischengoldglaser mit marmorierter Lackbemalung', Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums (1976) pp. 133-42 and fig. 9."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Federer, Frances.  Gold Leaf, Paint & Glass.  Thomas Publications,  London, 2012.  Technique described and piece illustrated figure 2.5, p.5"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Brigitte Klesse, Glas: Kunstgewerbemuseum der Stadt Koln, Cologne, 1973, p. 206, cat. 438 for a similar beaker with butterfly decoration."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Sabine Tiedtke, 'Von der ›Auszierung‹. Techniken der Oberflächenveredelung von Glas in der Frühen Neuzeit', in: Annette C. Cremer (Ed.), Glas in der Frühen Neuzeit\r\nHerstellung, Verwendung, Bedeutung, Analyse, Bewahrung, p. 279, Abb. 14 for an almost identical beaker in the Schlossmuseum, Arnstadt, Germany, inv. K_G 0119"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Axel von Saldern, Glas: Antike bis Jugenstil: Die Sammlung im Museum fur Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg, Stuttgart, 1995, pp. 57, 178, cat. 111, for an almost identical beaker with the same decoration. With further references to beakers in Frankfurt, Halle, Cologne, St. Petersburg, Liege, and Weimar"}],"production":"See Axel von Saldern, 'Zwischengoldglaser mit marmorierter Lackbemalung', Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums (1976) pp. 133-42 and fig. 9.","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"Beaker\r\nAbout 1720–30\n\nThis beaker was probably made in the Saxon court city of Dresden, which was a glass-making centre. Dresden craftsmen are thought to have introduced this type of double-walled glass enclosing a layer of engraved gold foil. The technique was complex, labour-intensive and costly. It was soon adopted in nearby Bohemia (now the Czech Republic), where most glasses of this type were made.\r\n\r\nProbably Germany (Dresden)\r\nGilded double-glass, with engraved gold foil backed with oil colours\r\nWilfred Buckley Collection\r\n","date":{"text":"09/12/2015","earliest":"2015-12-09","latest":"2015-12-09"}},{"text":"The techniques of construction and decoration of this piece, with the outer surface of the inner cup gilded then painted over with marbling and the outer one gilt and engraved on its inner surface, correspond to instructions given in \"Ars Vitraria Experimentalis\", Johann Kunckel's celebrated treatise on glassmaking of 1679. A number of glasses with this decoration survive, and the group has recently been attributed to Dresden in Saxony.","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null}}],"partNumbers":["C.401-1936"],"accessionNumberNum":"401","accessionNumberPrefix":"C","accessionYear":1936,"otherNumbers":[{"type":{"text":"Glass gallery number","id":"THES50491"},"number":"8957"}],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":["2019LM9997","2019LU2073"],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-23","recordCreationDate":"1997-12-13","availableToBook":false}}