{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O312574"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O312574/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AW4149/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AW4149/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2006AW4149","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O312574/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O312574","accessionNumber":"A.45-1953","objectType":"Relief","titles":[{"title":"Death as a Skeleton","type":"generic title"}],"summaryDescription":"This ivory skeleton, a memento mori (reminder of death) may have been once owned by Dr Richard Mead (1673-1754), whose gallery in Great Ormond Street, London displayed his extensive collection of works of art and antiquities in the 1740s. A detailed description of Dr Mead's collection published in  Latin in 1790 mentions (in translation) 'a man's skeleton very accurately designed, leaning with his left elbow on a clock and with that hand supporting his head, holding in his right hand a scythe; it is treading underfoot sceptres, crowns, helmets and other symbols of power and rank. The work of Albert Durer. One foot and half an inch high'. This description exactly matches the V&A's ivory, although it is not based on a work by Dürer, but relates to a plate in Andreas Vesalius, 'De Humani Corporis Fabrica', published in 1555. Dr Mead's collection was auctioned after his death in 1755, and the ivory skeleton (lot 48) was sold to a Dr Chauncey for £21 10s 6d. Dr Chauncey's collection was in turn sold in 1790, although the buyer of the skeleton at that sale is unknown. The V&A's ivory was given to the Museum by Dr Walter Leo Hildburgh in 1953, its previous provenance unrecorded, but it could well be the one in Dr Mead's collection. It is likely to have been made in Southern Germany, perhaps as early as the 17th century.","physicalDescription":"Personification of death as a skeleton. Death, draped with a swirling cloth, leans against a pillar, with mechanical wheels and a sundial, and symbols of vanity, such as knight's helmet and a papal tiara, at the base. The ivory relief is mounted on a board with textile covering. ","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"ivory","id":"AAT11857"}],"techniques":[{"text":"relief","id":"AAT53622"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Ivory relief","categories":[{"text":"Death","id":"THES48970"},{"text":"Reliefs","id":"THES49035"},{"text":"Sculpture","id":"THES48896"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"SCP","id":"THES48600"},"images":["2006AW4149"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"002","id":"THES395440"},"free":"","case":"","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Relief","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Germany","id":"THES267200"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":"Probably Germany; formerly thought to have been made in Milan."}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"Before 1754","earliest":null,"latest":"1753-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":"probably"}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Given by Dr W.L. Hildburgh F.S.A. ","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"31.5","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"15.2","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"Given by Dr. W. L. Hildburgh, F. S. A., 1953.\n\nHistorical significance: Personifications of Death as a skeleton were common in German sculpture from about 1500 onwards and examples occur frequently among the contents of 17th century <i>Kunstkammern</i> (or 'cabinets of curiosities').","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Relief, ivory, Death as a Skeleton, probably German, before 1754.","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Theuerkauff, C. <u>Die Bildwerke in Elfenbein des 16. - 19. Jahrhunderts</u>, Berlin, 1986, p. 341, note 26"},{"reference":{"text":"Trusted, Marjorie, <u>Baroque & Later Ivories</u>, Victoria & Albert Museum, London, 2013","id":"AUTH329728"},"details":"p. 457","free":""},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Trusted, Marjorie, <u>Baroque & Later Ivories</u>, Victoria & Albert Museum, London, 2013, p. 457, cat. no. 506"},{"reference":{"text":"Charles Avery","id":"AUTH348434"},"details":"An ivory ajouré relief of a Skeleton given a new terminus ante quem of 1754","free":"Kappel, Jutta, Laue, Georg &amp; Trusted, Marjorie, eds., <u>A Passion for Ivory</u>, Munich, 2015, pp. 54-55."}],"production":"17th or 18th century.","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[{"text":"Death","id":"N1975"}],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"skeleton","id":"AAT191778"},{"text":"armour","id":"AAT36745"},{"text":"pillar","id":"x43783"},{"text":"sundial","id":"AAT41614"},{"text":"helmet","id":"AAT36794"},{"text":"tiara","id":"AAT46046"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"Personifications of Death as a skeleton were common in German sculpture from about 1500 onwards and examples occur frequently among the contents of 17th century <i>Kunstkammern</i> (or 'cabinets of curiosities').\r\nThis relief appears to imitate 17th century memento mori in the same tradition but is unusually large scale and the very generalised nature of details such as the symbols of wordly power suggest a 19th century date, though presumably before 1880 when another version was sold with the collection of Possenti da Fabriano in Rome.","date":{"text":"1988","earliest":"1988-01-01","latest":"1988-12-31"}}],"partNumbers":["A.45-1953"],"accessionNumberNum":"45","accessionNumberPrefix":"A","accessionYear":1953,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2026-04-17","recordCreationDate":"2009-06-24","availableToBook":true}}