{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O240215"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O240215/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2009BX5928/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2009BX5928/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"low","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2009BX5928","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":null},"record":{"systemNumber":"O240215","accessionNumber":"E.1060-2008","objectType":"Autostereogram","titles":[{"title":"Virtual Implants","type":"assigned by artist"}],"summaryDescription":"PHSCologram (C) PHSCologram is a registered trademark for barrier-strip and lenticular autostereograms made by Chicago-based art collective (art)n laboratory.  Inspired by the process oriented works of Man Ray, Duchamp and Moholy Nagy, the early process for creating PHSColograms combined sculpture with photography, resulting in a three-dimensional photograph, viewed with rear lighting.\r\n\r\nThe (art)n group Sandor formed with her peers from The School of the Art Institute in 1983 created large-scale sculptures and collaged backgrounds that were photographed 9 times at slightly different positions in a horizontal movement with a room sized camera. \r\nThese images took 30 minutes for each exposure, which were combined with a special darkroom technique to one piece of transparent, color film. A second piece of black-and- white film displaying clear vertical lines was mounted to a piece of plexiglas with the blurred, combined image mounted to the reverse. The line screen functioned as a viewing screen to interpret the transparent photograph as a three-dimensional sculpture. \r\n\r\nBy 1990, PHSColograms became a digital photographic process, by simulating the early darkroom technique with other features common to the computer graphics industry. PHSCologram imagery is constructed from sculpting objects with a computer graphics software application. These objects are painted, and placed in a scene with lighting and other special effects. Once the digital scene is complete, a series of as many as 65 images are photographed in (art)n’s proprietary art program.\r\n\r\n(ref: artist's webpage, in references)","physicalDescription":"This barrier strip autostereogram depicts the upper part of a naked female body (without head) on black background. The arms are half-crossed in front of and right below the naked breasts, while holding a drapery. The picture is held in orange and there are blue stripes running diagonally from the upper left side to the bottom right side of the picture / the body respectively.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""},{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[{"name":{"text":"(art)n","id":"A28184"},"association":{"text":"artists","id":"x44080"},"note":""}],"artistMakerPeople":[{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"materials":[{"text":"plastic","id":"AAT14570"}],"techniques":[{"text":"autostereogram","id":"x44637"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Barrier Strip autostereogram printed on slightly transparent plastic carrier-material","categories":[{"text":"Computer Art","id":"THES49037"},{"text":"Prints","id":"THES48903"},{"text":"Photographs","id":"THES48910"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"PDP","id":"THES48595"},"images":["2009BX5928"],"imageResolution":"low","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"LVLF","id":"THES49656"},"free":"","case":"PATRIC PRINCE WIP","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"autostereogram","id":"AAT76598"}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Chicago","id":"x30479"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"1990","earliest":"1990-01-01","latest":"1990-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Given by the American Friends of the V&A through the generosity of Patric Prince","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"35.8","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"27.5","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"(art)n Laboratory\r\n5/90","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"On a tag on back of picture."}],"objectHistory":"The work was first shown at Siggraph 1990 in Texas, USA. It was part of a sculpture called Politics of Pleasure/ Robert Mapplethorpe, 1990.  The artists used the first black and white body scanner to scan their body parts. They then used the computer to colorize them. Following this they juxtaposed the body parts with scientifically correct sexually transmitted diseases that were jewel like. ","historicalContext":"PHSCologram (C) PHSCologram is a registered trademark for barrier-strip and lenticular autostereograms made by Chicago-based art collective (art)n laboratory. Inspired by the process oriented works of Man Ray, Duchamp and Moholy Nagy, the early process for creating PHSColograms combined sculpture with photography, resulting in a three-dimensional photograph, viewed with rear lighting.\r\n\r\nThe (art)n group Sandor formed with her peers from The School of the Art Institute in 1983 created large-scale sculptures and collaged backgrounds that were photographed 9 times at slightly different positions in a horizontal movement with a room sized camera. \r\nThese images took 30 minutes for each exposure, which were combined with a special darkroom technique to one piece of transparent, color film. A second piece of black-and- white film displaying clear vertical lines was mounted to a piece of plexiglas with the blurred, combined image mounted to the reverse. The line screen functioned as a viewing screen to interpret the transparent photograph as a three-dimensional sculpture. \r\n\r\nBy 1990, PHSColograms became a digital photographic process, by simulating the early darkroom technique with other features common to the computer graphics industry. PHSCologram imagery is constructed from sculpting objects with a computer graphics software application. These objects are painted, and placed in a scene with lighting and other special effects. Once the digital scene is complete, a series of as many as 65 images are photographed in (art)n’s proprietary art program.","briefDescription":"Autostereogram (PHSCologram (©), a variant of an autostereogram), 'Robert Mapplethorpe/The Nineties', by art(n), 1990.","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"ref: artist's webpage:\n\nhttp://web.archive.org/web/20230211084114/https://www.artn.com/"}],"production":"(art)n Laboratory consisted of the following collaborators: Randy Johnson, Stephen Meyers, Ellen Sandor, Dan Sandin, Tom DeFanti, Donna Cox, Dr Bernard Roizmann, Dr Patricia Spear, Paul Neumann, Maggie Rawlings (Illinois Institute of Technology).\n\nAttribution note: Computer systems used; Pixel Machine, RAYLIB, Sun, Hewlett Packard 9000, Mac II, ECHO 3D Scanner, Crosfield Scanner, custom software.","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"female figure","id":"x43298"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"Cut Out publication spring 2026\r\n\r\nIn the 1980s, Ellen Sandor began experimenting with analogue photography techniques to create immersive digital installations. In 1983, her collective, art(n), developed an experimental process called the PHSCologram (scol-o-gram) which combined photography, holography, sculpture and computer graphics to create a three-dimensional photograph. Inspired by the experiments of Man Ray and László Moholy-Nagy, the complex technique involved long exposure times, large cameras and photographing from multiple angles. In the 1990s, the collective digitized the process, using early computer software to simulate its darkroom origins. Here, the visuals feature scanned body parts overlaid with renderings of the AIDS virus. It was shown as part of a sculpture called Politics of Pleasure/ Robert Mapplethorpe, exhibited at the SIGGRAPH travelling art show in 1990.","date":{"text":"26/11/2025","earliest":"2025-11-26","latest":"2025-11-26"}},{"text":"Patric Prince: Digital Art Visionary\n\n(art)n Laboratory (founded by Ellen Sandor in 1982)\nVirtual Implants\n1990\nPHSCologram (a type of lenticular autostereogram trademarked by the collective)\n\nThis artwork, made by a collective of artists and scientists called (art)n, was exhibited in the SIGGRAPH travelling art show. It was displayed with structural images of the AIDS virus, to provoke discussion. Political and figurative subjects were still unusual in digital art, but Prince recognised their importance.\n\nGiven by the American Friends of the V&A through the generosity\nof Patric D. Prince\nMuseum no. E.1060-2008","date":{"text":"14/08/2023-15/09/2024","earliest":"2023-08-14","latest":"2024-09-15"}}],"partNumbers":["E.1060-2008"],"accessionNumberNum":"1060","accessionNumberPrefix":"E","accessionYear":2008,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"5 of 90","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-11-26","recordCreationDate":"2009-06-08","availableToBook":false}}