{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O221321"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O221321/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2009CE0997/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2009CE0997/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2009CE0997","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2009CD4551","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O221321/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O221321","accessionNumber":"E.217-2008","objectType":"Print","titles":[{"title":"Schotter","type":"assigned by artist"}],"summaryDescription":"Georg Nees (born 1926, Nuremberg) is considered one of the founders of computer art and graphics.  He was also one of the first people to exhibit his computer graphics, at the studio gallery of the Technische Hochschule in Stuttgart in February 1965.\r\n\r\nNees studied mathematics and physics at the universities of Erlangen-Nuremberg and Stuttgart.   He subsequently worked for Siemens as a software engineer, and was instrumental in their purchasing a 'Zuse Graphomat', a drawing machine operated by computer-generated punched tape.  The machine was capable of creating geometric patterns and, although the programming language that Nees used (ALGOL) was designed specifically for scientific computers, Nees used it to create aesthetic images such as this one. \n\nIn 1969 he received his doctorate on the subject of Generative Computer Graphics under Max Bense, the German philosopher and writer.\n\nAlong with a number of other practitioners working at this time, Nees was interested in the relationship between order and disorder in picture composition.  Here he introduced random variables into the computer program, causing the orderly squares to descend into chaos.","physicalDescription":"Lithograph in black ink on paper, mounted on board.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Nees, Georg","id":"A21872"},"association":{"text":"artist","id":"AAT25103"},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"paper (fiber product)","id":"AAT14109"},{"text":"mounting board","id":"AAT183686"},{"text":"ink","id":"AAT15012"}],"techniques":[{"text":"lithography","id":"AAT53271"},{"text":"computerized composition","id":"AAT233650"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Lithograph on paper","categories":[{"text":"Computer Art","id":"THES49037"},{"text":"Prints","id":"THES48903"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"PDP","id":"THES48595"},"images":["2009CE0997","2009CD4551"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"LVLC","id":"THES49171"},"free":"","case":"MB2E","shelf":"DR52","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"print","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Germany","id":"x28873"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"1968-1970","earliest":"1968-01-01","latest":"1970-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Given by the Computer Arts Society, supported by System Simulation Ltd, London","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"28","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Length","value":"21.8","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"'Computergrafik mit Siemens-System 4004'","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"Printed as part of the work. Refers to the computer used to generate the design."}],"objectHistory":"","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Lithograph in black ink from a computer-generated graphic, 'Schotter', 1968-1970, by Georg Nees.","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Herzogenrath, Wulf and Nierhoff-Wielk, Barbara, eds. Ex Machina - Frühe Computergrafik bis 1979. Munich: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 2007. ISBN 978-3-422-06689-2. p. 440, ill (cat. 341)."}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"squares (geometric figures)","id":"AAT55637"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"Chance and Control: Art in the Age of Computers (2018)\n\nGEORG NEES (1926–2016)\r\n<i>Gravel</i> (Schotter)\r\nGermany, 1968–70\n\r\nGeorg Nees studied mathematics and physics at the universities of Erlangen-Nuremberg and Stuttgart. He subsequently worked for Siemens, where he created some of the first computergenerated images. Nees was fascinated by the relationship between order and disorder in picture composition. To create this work, he introduced random variables into the computer program, causing orderly squares to descend into a heap.\n\r\nLithograph, after a computer-generated image\r\nGiven by the Computer Arts Society, supported by System Simulation Ltd., London\r\nMuseum no. E.217-2008","date":{"text":"07/07/2018-19/11/2018","earliest":"2018-07-07","latest":"2018-11-19"}}],"partNumbers":["E.217-2008"],"accessionNumberNum":"217","accessionNumberPrefix":"E","accessionYear":2008,"otherNumbers":[{"type":{"text":"Previous owner's number","id":"THES57329"},"number":"CAS/A/0006"}],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-11","recordCreationDate":"2009-04-08","availableToBook":false}}