{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O192564"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O192564/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006BA0441/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006BA0441/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2006BA0441","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006BA0439","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006BA0438","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GF0094","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GF0095","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GF0101","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GF0102","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GF0103","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GF0104","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GF0105","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GF0106","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GF0107","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GF0108","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GF0109","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GF0110","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GF0111","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GF0112","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GF0113","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GF0114","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017JY0298","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O192564/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O192564","accessionNumber":"604:5-1902","objectType":"Pastoral staff","titles":[{"title":"Pastoral staff","type":"generic title"}],"summaryDescription":"This is an ivory and bone crozier, with the Lamb of God, a so-called <i>Agnus Dei</i> crozier, made in Venice in about 1350-1370. \r\n\r\nTogether with the mitre and the pectoral cross, the pastoral staff or crosier is part of the insignia of a bishop and some abbots. Carried as a symbol od authority during Mass and religious processions, it looks like a sheperd's crook as a reminder of the bishop's role in looking after his 'flock'.\n\nThe name crozier is commonly used for the crook-shaped pastoral staff of a bishop or abbot. It forms part of their insignia. \r\nIt was carried as a symbol of authority and pastoral care. It was made of various materials, but by the twelfth century ivory was in widespread use for the head of the crozier. The shaft was often made of wood, occasionally embellished with metal knops, although on Italian Gothic examples, ivory and bone cylinders were used in construction. French Gothic ivory crozier heads are predominantly of one design, with the Crucifixion and the Virgin and St John on one side and the Virgin and Child, flanked by candle-bearing angels, on the other. It appears that the principal face was that to be seen when the volute of the crozier was facing to the right. \r\n","physicalDescription":"The volute, which issues from the mouth of a dragon, is decorated  on the outside with ten crockets of leafy form, the uppermost enclosing a pine cone; it encloses the Agnus Dei and a bird perched upon the cross the bottom of which appears the body of the Lamb. On the knob are carved the symbols of the Evangelists. The shaft and volute are enriched with dragons and interlaced foliage designs in gold and colour. The volute and knob in ivory, the shaft in bone.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"ivory","id":"AAT11857"},{"text":"ivory","id":"AAT11857"},{"text":"bone","id":"AAT11798"}],"techniques":[{"text":"carving","id":"AAT53149"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Elevant ivory for the volute and knob; bone for the shaft, both painted and gilded. ","categories":[{"text":"Sculpture","id":"THES48896"},{"text":"Religion","id":"THES48900"},{"text":"Christianity","id":"THES48978"}],"styles":[{"text":"Gothic","id":"AAT20775"}],"collectionCode":{"text":"SCP","id":"THES48600"},"images":["2006BA0441","2006BA0439","2006BA0438","2013GF0094","2013GF0095","2013GF0101","2013GF0102","2013GF0103","2013GF0104","2013GF0105","2013GF0106","2013GF0107","2013GF0108","2013GF0109","2013GF0110","2013GF0111","2013GF0112","2013GF0113","2013GF0114","2017JY0298"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"10 (VA)","id":"THES49099"},"free":"","case":"CA11","shelf":"","box":""},{"current":{"text":"10 (VA)","id":"THES49099"},"free":"","case":"CA11","shelf":"","box":""},{"current":{"text":"10 (VA)","id":"THES49099"},"free":"","case":"CA11","shelf":"","box":""},{"current":{"text":"10 (VA)","id":"THES49099"},"free":"","case":"CA11","shelf":"","box":""},{"current":{"text":"10 (VA)","id":"THES49099"},"free":"","case":"CA11","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Pastoral staff shaft (part of)","id":""}],[{"text":"Pastoral staff shaft (part of)","id":""}],[{"text":"Pastoral staff shaft (part of)","id":""}],[{"text":"Pastoral staff shaft (part of)","id":""}],[{"text":"Pastoral staff","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Venice","id":"x29237"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1350-1370","earliest":"1345-01-01","latest":"1370-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"206","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"24.5","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"including crockets","note":""},{"dimension":"Depth","value":"5.7","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"15.2","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"without crockets","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"Measured for the Medieval and Renaissance Galleries 2006","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"Formerly in the Hollingworth Magniac collection, Colworth, Bedfordshire, by 1862. Sold at the Magnaic sale Christie's, London, 1892, lot. 505, £90. Collection of Sir Thomas Gibson-Carmichael; Bought from the Gibson-Carmichael collection, Christie's, London, 1902, lot 151, for £126.\n\nHistorical significance: The painted and gilded decoration is characteristic of a group of pastoral staves which are assigned to Italy.","historicalContext":"Croziers were carried as a symbol of authority during Mass and religious processions.","briefDescription":"Crozier, ivory and bone, with the Lamb of God, Italy (Venice), ca. 1350-1370","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"P.B.Cott, <u>Siculo-Arabic Ivories</u>, Princeton, 1939, cat.no. 176, pl. 65"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Longhurst, Margaret, H. <u>Catalogue of Carvings in Ivory.</u> II. London: The Board of Education, 1929, p. 59"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":""},{"reference":{"text":"Maskell, A., <u>Ivories</u>, London, 1905","id":"AUTH332726"},"details":"p. 202","free":""},{"reference":{"text":"Williamson, Paul and Davies, Glyn, <u>Medieval Ivory Carvings, 1200-1550</u>, (in 2 parts), V&A Publishing, Victoria and Albert Museum, London, 2014","id":"AUTH332632"},"details":"part 1, pp. 430-433","free":""},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Williamson, Paul and Davies, Glyn, <u>Medieval Ivory Carvings, 1200-1550</u>, (in 2 parts), V&A Publishing, Victoria and Albert Museum, London, 2014, part 1, pp. 430-433, cat. no. 151"}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"Crozier","id":"x35914"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["604:5-1902","604:4-1902","604:3-1902","604:2-1902","604:1-1902"],"accessionNumberNum":"604","accessionNumberPrefix":"","accessionYear":1902,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE","Pastoral staff shaft (part of) [1]","Pastoral staff shaft (part of) [2]","Pastoral staff shaft (part of) [3]","Pastoral staff shaft (part of) [4]","print","Pastoral staff","Photograph"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-20","recordCreationDate":"2009-02-25","availableToBook":false}}