{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O175881"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O175881/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006BC6222/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006BC6222/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2006BC6222","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London/Kichizaemon Raku XV","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006BC6221","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London/Kichizaemon Raku XV","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006BC6220","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London/Kichizaemon Raku XV","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006BC6219","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London/Kichizaemon Raku XV","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006BC6218","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London/Kichizaemon Raku XV","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2008BT0604","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London/Kichizaemon Raku XV","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006BC6217","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London/Kichizaemon Raku XV","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006BC6216","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London/Kichizaemon Raku XV","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006BC5467","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AT8780","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London/Kichizaemon Raku XV","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AT3489","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O175881/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O175881","accessionNumber":"FE.535-1992","objectType":"Tea bowl","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"Raku Kichizaemon XV (1949-) pioneered the 'yakinuki' (literally 'firing to the limit') technique which involves firing partially glazed Black Raku wares to a very high temperature in order to produce dramatic contrasts of colour and texture.\r\n\r\nKichizaemon XV studied sculpture at Tokyo University of Arts and spent two years in Italy at the Academia Belle Arte di Roma before becoming the head of the renowned Kyoto-based Raku family in 1981. The challenge to which he rose, and for which he is much acclaimed, was to channel his creative energies into the making of tea bowls, one of the more highly prescribed of vessel formats, by means of forming, glazing and firing methods transmitted largely unchanged from the late sixteenth century.\r\n\r\nThis particular bowl is a striking demonstration of how Kichizaemon XV has managed to combine a highly individualistic approach to the exploration of colour, texture and form with the making, by traditional means, of functional items that meet the requirements of the tea ceremony. The bowl was hand-built from clay originally bought in by his grand-father. The faceting of the sides extends onto the foot. Though not obvious to the eye, this and the continuation of the scratched and pin-pricked patterning would immediately be felt by someone holding the bowl to drink from. The patches of intense metallic black result from copper foil having been applied before glazing. The glazes were applied by brush in the traditional manner, the green glaze being derived from wood ash and the black glaze from locally available Kamogawa stone. The streaks and flecks of red are the product of areas of the copper reducing in the presence of the ash glaze during firing.\r\n\r\nIn keeping with Raku family practice, the firing was carried out in a small charcoal-fuelled muffle kiln, temperatures of 1200 degrees centigrade or more being achieved through the use of bellows. Once the glazes had matured and begun to flow, the bowl was removed from the kiln with long-handled wrought-iron tongs and allowed to cool in the outside air. When making 'yakinuki' tea bowls,  towards the end of the 24-hour Black Raku firings, the artist has an assistant who works the bellows as fast as possible so that the temperature rises to 1250 degrees centigrade.\n\nIn 2019, Raku Kichizaemon XV adopted the name Jikinyu and retired from the family headship in favour of his elder son, who became Raku Kichizaemon XVI. ","physicalDescription":"Tea bowl with square base and upright sides, pin-pricking and scratching of base and lower sides, sculpting of exterior revealing granular texture of clay, irregular mouth rim, shallowly scooped out foot, over-all covering of interior with black and ash-green glazes, partial glaze coverage of exterior, to which have been applied thin sheets of copper that have turned an intense shiny black during firing.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Raku, Kichizaemon (XV)","id":"A23895"},"association":{"text":"maker","id":"x40240"},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"earthenware","id":"x29356"},{"text":"stoneware","id":"x30197"}],"techniques":[{"text":"raku","id":"AAT251413"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Hand-built Black Raku 'yakinuki' type high-fired earthenware with black and ash-green glazes over applied copper leaf","categories":[{"text":"Tea, Coffee & Chocolate wares","id":"THES48886"},{"text":"Ceramics","id":"THES48982"},{"text":"Studio Pottery","id":"THES48889"},{"text":"Stoneware","id":"THES48890"},{"text":"Earthenware","id":"THES48964"}],"styles":[{"text":"Heisei","id":"x36359"}],"collectionCode":{"text":"EAS","id":"THES48596"},"images":["2006BC6222","2006BC6221","2006BC6220","2006BC6219","2006BC6218","2008BT0604","2006BC6217","2006BC6216","2006BC5467","2006AT8780","2006AT3489"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"143","id":"THES49867"},"free":"","case":"20","shelf":"2","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Tea bowl","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Kyoto","id":"x31966"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"1992","earliest":"1992-01-01","latest":"1992-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"10.3","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"13.3","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Depth","value":"11.4","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"Raku","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"Raku","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"impressed inside foot"}],"objectHistory":"","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Tea bowl, Black Raku type high-fired earthenware with black and ash green glazes over applied copper leaf, Japanese, by Kichizaemon RAKU XV (1949-), 1992","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"Faulkner, Rupert. <i>Japanese studio crafts : tradition and the avant-garde</i>, London : Laurence King, 1995","id":"AUTH354347"},"details":"9","free":""}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"Raku tea bowl\r\nKyoto, by Raku Kichizaemon XV (b.1949)\r\nHigh-fired earthenware with black iron and green ash glazes over copper leaf\r\n1992\r\nV&A FE.535-1992\r\n","date":{"text":"December 2014","earliest":"2014-12-01","latest":"2014-12-31"}}],"partNumbers":["FE.535:1-1992"],"accessionNumberNum":"535","accessionNumberPrefix":"FE","accessionYear":1992,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":["2019LW8608"],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-09","recordCreationDate":"2008-11-27","availableToBook":false}}