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The Mughal emperor Akbar ordered it to be translated into Persian so that it could be read by non-Hindus. In this illustration to the text done in about 1590, Krishna sweeps down on the bird Garuda to triumph over Indra, the lord of the gods, riding on the white elephant Airavata, watched by gods and celestial beings. The swirling fabrics, billowing clouds, and the boat in the lower part of the scene, are all the result of the influence on Mughal court artists of European paintings. The original manuscript was dispersed and some pages were remounted for later albums, as here. The borders were probably added in Lucknow in the late 18th century.","physicalDescription":"Painting, in opaque watercolour and gold on paper, the battle between Krishna and Indra is shown to be taking place in the sky above a landscape strongly influenced by European painting. Gods and celestial beings hover in the billowing clouds. Krishna swoops down on his bird Garuda to attack Indra on his white elephant.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"opaque watercolour","id":"x35013"},{"text":"paint","id":"AAT15029"},{"text":"paper","id":"AAT14109"},{"text":"gold","id":"AAT11021"}],"techniques":[{"text":"painted","id":"AAT54216"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Painted in opaque watercolour and gold on paper","categories":[{"text":"Images Online","id":"THES48937"},{"text":"Paintings","id":"THES48917"},{"text":"Hinduism","id":"THES48941"},{"text":"Illustration","id":"THES48938"},{"text":"Religion","id":"THES48900"},{"text":"Myths & Legends","id":"THES49005"},{"text":"Bonita Trust Indian Paintings Cataloguing Project","id":"THES263148"}],"styles":[{"text":"Mughal","id":"AAT18939"}],"collectionCode":{"text":"SSEA","id":"THES48598"},"images":["2014HC2458","2006AP3034","2015HX3456","2015HX3457","2015HX3481","2015HX3497","2018LE5629","2018LE5630","2018LE5631"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"006","id":"THES403521"},"free":"","case":"","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"painting","id":"AAT33618"}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"No","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Mughal Empire","id":"THES262021"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""},{"place":{"text":"Lahore","id":"x30874"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":"probably"}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1590","earliest":"1585-01-01","latest":"1594-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Bequeathed by the Hon. 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Textual and Visual Translation of Sanskrit Texts in Mughal India', in Amy S. Landau, ed., Pearls on a String. Artists, Patrons and Poets at the Great Islamic Courts, The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore in association with University of Washington Press, Seattle and London, 2016, p. 153, fig. 5.7."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Asok Kumar Das, Dawn of Mughal Painting, Bombay 1982, plate IX, p. 26"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Swallow, Deborah and John Guy eds. <font u>Arts of India: 1550-1900</font u>. text by Rosemary Crill, John Guy, Veronica Murphy, Susan Stronge and Deborah Swallow. London : V&A Publications, 1990. 240 p., ill. ISBN 1851770224"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":""},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Susan Stronge, Painting for the Mughal Emperor. The art of the book 1560-1650, V&A Publications, 2002, pl. 64, p. 98"},{"reference":{"text":"Topsfield, Andrew, An introduction to Indian Court Painting, H.M.S.O., London, 1984, 0112903835","id":"AUTH337273"},"details":"pl. 8, p. 17.","free":""},{"reference":{"text":"Khanna, Balraj; Krishna: The Divine Lover, South Bank Centre, London 1997, ISBN 1 85332 166 4","id":"AUTH344965"},"details":"cat. no. 3","free":""},{"reference":{"text":"Swallow, D., Stronge, S., Crill, R., Koezuka, T., editor and translator, \"The Art of the Indian Courts. Miniature Painting and Decorative Arts\", Victoria & Albert Museum and NHK Kinki Media Plan, 1993.","id":"AUTH346698"},"details":"p. 35, cat. no. 9","free":""}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"The battle between Krishna and Indra is shown to be taking place in the sky above a landscape strongly influenced by European painting. Gods and celestial beings hover in the billowing clouds. 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Akbar ordered it to be translated into Persian so that it could be read by non-Hindus in the elite levels of the empire which, he hoped, would increase understanding and tolerance. Here, Krishna sweeps down on the bird Garuda to triumph over Indra on his elephant. The swirling fabrics, billowing clouds, and the boat in the lower part of the scene, are all influenced by European paintings. \r\n\r\n","date":{"text":"1980","earliest":"1980-01-01","latest":"1980-12-31"}}],"partNumbers":["IS.5-1970"],"accessionNumberNum":"5","accessionNumberPrefix":"IS","accessionYear":1970,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2026-05-11","recordCreationDate":"1999-12-15","availableToBook":true}}