{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O157980"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O157980/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2008BU1754/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2008BU1754/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2008BU1754","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London/ © the Rosalinde & Arthur Gilbert Collection, on loan to the Victoria and Albert Museum, London ","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2008BU1818","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London/ © the Rosalinde & Arthur Gilbert Collection, on loan to the Victoria and Albert Museum, London ","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2008BU1804","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London/ © the Rosalinde & Arthur Gilbert Collection, on loan to the Victoria and Albert Museum, London ","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2019MA0596","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O157980/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O157980","accessionNumber":"LOAN:GILBERT.246:1, 2-2008","objectType":"Miniature","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658) led the English Revolution against King Charles I. This enamel would have been partly admired for its source, a portrait by the celebrated miniaturist Samuel Cooper. \r\n\r\nIn the 17th century, new techniques of painting enamels allowed delicate portraits resembling tiny oil paintings to be created. These enamel miniatures were first fashionable in continental Europe, but were particularly in vogue in Britain from the 1720s to 1760s. Enamel portraits performed a wide variety of functions. They were often given as diplomatic gifts or awarded to recognise official service. Some celebrated historical figures, while others commemorated a marriage, or departed loved one. Sitters often commissioned enamel copies alongside an original portrait in oils, in order to have a more intimate and portable version in a robust material. Enamels could also be set into jewellery or extravagant boxes so that they could be worn or carried. Larger enamels were often displayed in elaborate frames.\r\n\r\nSir Arthur Gilbert and his wife Rosalinde formed one of the world's great decorative art collections, including silver, mosaics, enamelled portrait miniatures and gold boxes.  Arthur Gilbert donated his extraordinary collection to Britain in 1996.","physicalDescription":"Oval miniature portrait of Oliver Cromwell showing him facing three quarters to the right and wearing armour and a lawn collar against a brown background. The frame is gold, pierced and set with table-cut diamonds.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Richter, Christian","id":"A9893"},"association":{"text":"enameller","id":"AAT25258"},"note":"probably"}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"enamel","id":"AAT14910"},{"text":"copper","id":"AAT11020"},{"text":"gold","id":"AAT11021"},{"text":"diamond","id":"AAT11084"},{"text":"silver foil","id":"x32609"}],"techniques":[{"text":"gilding","id":"AAT53789"},{"text":"piercing","id":"AAT231153"},{"text":"setting","id":"x42734"},{"text":"enamelling","id":"x37485"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Enamel on copper, pierced gold set with cut foil-backed diamonds","categories":[{"text":"Enamels","id":"THES48876"},{"text":"Metalwork","id":"THES48920"},{"text":"Portraits","id":"THES48906"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"MET","id":"THES48599"},"images":["2008BU1754","2008BU1818","2008BU1804","2019MA0596"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"005","id":"THES412919"},"free":"","case":"","shelf":"","box":""},{"current":{"text":"032","id":"THES410334"},"free":"","case":"","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"miniature","id":""}],[{"text":"case","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"England","id":"x28826"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1720","earliest":"1715-01-01","latest":"1724-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"The Rosalinde and Arthur Gilbert Collection on loan to the Victoria and Albert Museum, London","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"6.73","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"5.54","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Depth","value":"0.49","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"Updated with measurements taken 29/07/08","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"Provenance: J.H. Fitz-Henry Collection, Paris/London.  Fitz-Henry sale, Hotel Drouot, Paris, lot 304, 18-21 February 1914.  D. David-Weill, Neuilly sur Seine.  Sir Charles Clore, London.  Clore sale, Sotheby's, London, lot 59, 10/11/1986.  Gallery Andreas Thies, Paris.  Sale, Christie's, London, lot 122, 08/03/1995. Acquired by Arthur Gilbert from S.J. Phillips Ltd, London, 1995.","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Enamel miniature on copper of Oliver Cromwell, in a gold frame set with diamonds, England, ca.1720, probably by Christian Richter.","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Gillet, Louis, Carlo Jeannerat and Henri Clouzot. <u>Miniatures and enamels from the D. David-Weill Collection</u>. Paris, Les Beaux-Arts, édition d'études et de documents, 1957, p. 382, no. 256."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Coffin, Sarah and Bodo Hofstetter. <u>Portrait Miniatures in Enamel</u>. London: Philip Wilson Publishers Ltd. in association with the Gilbert Collection, 2000. 168 p., ill. Cat. no. 46, pp. 96-98. ISBN 0856675334."}],"production":"English school after Samuel Cooper","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[{"text":"Cromwell, Oliver","id":"N1996"}],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"suns","id":"x31103"},{"text":"moon","id":"x30118"},{"text":"laurel","id":"x43130"},{"text":"armour","id":"AAT36745"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"7-12. Famous faces\r\n\r\n\tImages of royalty (10, 11) were used as gifts to show favour or diplomatic good will. They were also acquired by those  who admired, but had no personal connection, to the sitter. Miniatures of other famous faces were often painted  years after their deaths. Their likenesses were copied from famous portraits (7, 8, 9 and 12). \r\n\r\n8. Oliver Cromwell\r\nAbout 1720\r\n\r\nEngland; probably Christian Richter (1678-1732), after Samuel Cooper (1609-72)\r\nEnamel on copper in gold frame set with diamonds\r\nMuseum no. Loan:Gilbert.246:1-2008 ","date":{"text":"2024","earliest":"2024-01-01","latest":"2024-12-31"}},{"text":"7. Oliver Cromwell\r\nAbout 1720\r\n\r\nEngland; probably Christian Richter (1678–1732), after Samuel Cooper (1609–72)\r\nEnamel on copper in gold frame set with diamonds\r\nMuseum no. Loan:Gilbert.246:1-2008","date":{"text":"16/11/2016","earliest":"2016-11-16","latest":"2016-11-16"}},{"text":"Oliver Cromwell\r\nAbout 1720\r\n\r\nOliver Cromwell (1599–1658) fought against Charles I\r\nin the English Civil War. This enamel would have been\r\npartly admired for its source, a portrait by the celebrated\r\nminiaturist Samuel Cooper.\r\n\r\nEngland; probably Christian Richter (1678–1732), after\r\nSamuel Cooper (1609–72)\r\nEnamel on copper in gold frame set with diamonds\r\nMuseum no. Loan:Gilbert.246:1-2008","date":{"text":"2009","earliest":"2009-01-01","latest":"2009-12-31"}}],"partNumbers":["LOAN:GILBERT.246:1-2008","LOAN:GILBERT.246:2-2008"],"accessionNumberNum":"246","accessionNumberPrefix":"LOAN:GILBERT","accessionYear":2008,"otherNumbers":[{"type":{"text":"Arthur Gilbert Number","id":"THES50383"},"number":"MIN 57"},{"type":{"text":"Arthur Gilbert Number","id":"THES50383"},"number":"MM 297"}],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE","miniature","case"],"assets":["2019LW8156","2019LW5873"],"recordModificationDate":"2025-10-10","recordCreationDate":"2008-06-26","availableToBook":false}}