{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O157925"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O157925/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2008BU1677/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2008BU1677/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2008BU1677","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London/ © the Rosalinde & Arthur Gilbert Collection, on loan to the Victoria and Albert Museum, London ","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2008BU1693","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London/ © the Rosalinde & Arthur Gilbert Collection, on loan to the Victoria and Albert Museum, London ","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2019MB7348","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O157925/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O157925","accessionNumber":"LOAN:GILBERT.295-2008","objectType":"Miniature","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"The artist Paul Prieur probably learned enamel painting in Paris around 1640. He worked at the Danish court from 1655, where he was the first to produce portrait miniatures in enamel. Here he has applied the colours in small dots, a technique known as 'stippling'.\r\n\r\nIn the 17th century, new techniques of painting enamels allowed delicate portraits resembling tiny oil paintings to be created. These enamel miniatures were first fashionable in continental Europe, but were particularly in vogue in Britain from the 1720s to 1760s. Painted enamels were made by firing finely milled glass which had been coloured with metal oxides onto a metal base, usually gold or copper. The colours had to be applied and fired in several stages, according to the firing temperature required by each colour. Incredible precision was needed for a successful enamel portrait, since each firing carried risks of cracks and bubbles that might ruin the entire effort.\r\n\r\nSir Arthur Gilbert and his wife Rosalinde formed one of the world's great decorative art collections, including silver, mosaics, enamelled portrait miniatures and gold boxes. Arthur Gilbert donated his extraordinary collection to Britain in 1996.","physicalDescription":"Oval portrait miniature of a gentleman with long brown hair and a slight moustache wearing a white lawn collar, a white shirt with a black slashed doublet. The miniature is enamel on gold and the frame is a silver copper alloy.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Prieur, Paul","id":"A22470"},"association":{"text":"maker","id":"x40240"},"note":"probably"}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"enamel","id":"AAT14910"},{"text":"gold","id":"AAT11021"},{"text":"alloy","id":"AAT10902"}],"techniques":[{"text":"framing","id":"AAT240903"},{"text":"painting","id":"x30598"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Enamel on gold, frame a silver-copper alloy","categories":[{"text":"Enamels","id":"THES48876"},{"text":"Metalwork","id":"THES48920"},{"text":"Portraits","id":"THES48906"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"MET","id":"THES48599"},"images":["2008BU1677","2008BU1693","2019MB7348"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"71A","id":"THES413997"},"free":"","case":"CA002","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"miniature","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Paris","id":"x29068"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":"possibly"}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"1645-1650","earliest":"1645-01-01","latest":"1650-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"The Rosalinde and Arthur Gilbert Collection on loan to the Victoria and Albert Museum, London","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"4.9","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"3.8","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Depth","value":"0.84","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"Measured 29/01/24 IW","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"Provenance: Dr. Adolph List Collection, Magdeburg. Sale, Hans W. Lange, Berlin, lot 511, 28-30 March 1939. Galerie Dr. Hans Rudolph, Hamburg, Hotel Atlantic, lot 180, 28-29 September 1950. Günther Muthmann Collection, Wuppertal. Sale, Sotheby's Zurich, lot 35, 17/05/1979. Acquired by Arthur Gilbert from S.J. Phillips Ltd, London, 1979.\r\n\r\nAdolph List's Jewish parents converted to Protestantism, but in 1937, an anonymous letter denounced him and his wife Clara Helene as Jewish. He was removed from his own company and died in 1938. After Adolph's death, his widow Clara Helene was made to prove that she was not of Jewish heritage. As a result, she was not persecuted by the Nazis on racial grounds. There is no indication that she was forced to sell her husband's collection at auction in 1939, or that the auction proceeds were seized from her.\r\n\nThis object formed part of the V&A's special provenance display 'Concealed Histories: Uncovering the Story of Nazi Looting' (December 2019 - June 2021)","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Enamel miniature on gold, in a silver-copper alloy frame, Paris, 1645-50, by Paul Prieur.","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Coffin, Sarah and Bodo Hofstetter. <u>Portrait Miniatures in Enamel</u>. London: Philip Wilson Publishers Ltd. in association with the Gilbert Collection, 2000. 168 p., ill. Cat. no. 45, pp. 94-95. ISBN 0856675334."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Schroder, Timothy, ed. <u>The Gilbert Collection at the V&A</u>. London (V&A Publishing) 2009, p. 86, plate 66. ISBN9781851775934"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230606004515/https://www.vam.ac.uk/blog/museum-life/concealed-histories-uncovering-the-story-of-nazi-looting"}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"male","id":"AAT189559"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"3. Man in black doublet\r\n1645–50\r\n\r\nThe painter of this miniature has applied colour in small dots in a technique known as ‘stippling’.\r\n\r\nPossibly Paris, France; probably Paul Prieur (about 1620–84)\r\nEnamel on gold in later silver-copper alloy frame\r\nMuseum no. Loan:Gilbert.295-2008","date":{"text":"16/11/2016","earliest":"2016-11-16","latest":"2016-11-16"}},{"text":"Man in black doublet\r\n1645–50\r\n\r\nThe painter has applied the colours in small dots, a\r\ntechnique known as ‘stippling’. Paul Prieur probably\r\nlearned enamel painting in Paris. He introduced enamel\r\nportrait miniatures to the Danish court, where he\r\nworked from 1655.\r\n\r\nPossibly Paris, France; probably Paul Prieur\r\n(about 1620–about 1684)\r\nEnamel on gold in later silver-copper alloy frame\r\nMuseum no. Loan:Gilbert.295-2008","date":{"text":"2009","earliest":"2009-01-01","latest":"2009-12-31"}}],"partNumbers":["LOAN:GILBERT.295-2008"],"accessionNumberNum":"295","accessionNumberPrefix":"LOAN:GILBERT","accessionYear":2008,"otherNumbers":[{"type":{"text":"The Gilbert Collection, Somerset House","id":"THES50384"},"number":"1996.773.1"},{"type":{"text":"Arthur Gilbert Number","id":"THES50383"},"number":"MIN 8"},{"type":{"text":"The Gilbert Collection, Somerset House","id":"THES50384"},"number":"1996.791.1"},{"type":{"text":"Arthur Gilbert Number","id":"THES50383"},"number":"MIN 26"}],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":["2018LC0773"],"recordModificationDate":"2026-05-12","recordCreationDate":"2008-06-26","availableToBook":false}}