{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O152589"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O152589/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2011ET5226/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2011ET5226/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2011ET5226","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O152589/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O152589","accessionNumber":"18967","objectType":"Print","titles":[{"title":"Two shields with a hare and a Moor's head held by a wild man","type":"generic title"}],"summaryDescription":"Martin Schongauer, son of a goldsmith, was among the first European artists to explore the full expressive potential of printmaking. Schongauer's novel use of the technique of engraving, developed from the goldsmith's long-established practice of decorating metal with engraved patterns, was recognized almost immediately and his prints were highly esteemed in his own lifetime.\r\n\r\nThis is one of a series of ten engravings depicting either a single or a pair of shields held by a single supporting figure. The set includes shields held by an angel, a Moor, a peasant, a wild man and woman, and two women. It is not known why these engravings were made but they are thought to have been most likely used as models for goldsmiths, miniaturists and other craftsmen to take elements from and adjust according to their needs. Schongauer's coats of arms cannot be linked with any particular commissions, however there must have been a considerable demand for sample heraldry of this sort among goldsmiths, manuscript illuminators and simply among newly-rich families wanting to enhance their status.The heraldic imagery on the shields represent between them standard heraldic devices, such as stars, lions, swans and cockerels.\r\n\r\nPrinting engravings on paper as opposed to engraving the surface of metal objects for decorative effect, evolved in Germany in the workshops of goldsmiths. Schongauer himself trained as a goldsmith.Early prints were patterns for decorations on art objects and examples were collected by craftsmen, just as they compiled ‘model books’ of drawn copies. Print was relatively affordable and became a way in which designs spread through craftsmen’s workshops across Europe and beyond.","physicalDescription":"A wild man with a short beard and a leafy wreath on his curly hair is seen frontally looking to the left. He stands between two rocks, on each of which rests a shield, steadied by his hand. The left sheild depicts a leaping hare, the right one a Moor's head with a headband.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Schongauer, Martin","id":"A6028"},"association":{"text":"engraver","id":"x30813"},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[],"techniques":[],"materialsAndTechniques":"Engraving on paper","categories":[{"text":"Prints","id":"THES48903"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"PDP","id":"THES48595"},"images":["2011ET5226"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"LVLF (VA)","id":"THES49656"},"free":"","case":"TOPIC","shelf":"6B","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"print","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"Yes-general","note":"Use of the term 'Moor'. Brief description previously described the figure as 'a savage', amended to 'wild man' on 06/08/2024"}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Colmar","id":"x36487"},"association":{"text":"engraved","id":"AAT53829"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca 1490","earliest":"1490-01-01","latest":"1490-12-31"},"association":{"text":"engraved","id":"AAT53829"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[{"object":{"text":"18962","id":"O152557"},"association":"Set"},{"object":{"text":"18963","id":"O152562"},"association":""},{"object":{"text":"18964","id":"O152563"},"association":""},{"object":{"text":"18965","id":"O152586"},"association":""},{"object":{"text":"18966","id":"O152588"},"association":""}],"creditLine":"","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Diameter","value":"73","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"M + S","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"The monogram of Martin Schongauer is at the bottom of the print in the centre. The monogram consists of Schongauer's initials and a goldsmith-like hallmark composed of a small cross plus the crescent from his family's coat of arms. This signature occurs in two forms: a few plates, apparently all done in the early 1470s, have an M with vertical sides; the majority have an M with slanting sides. (The Illustrated Bartsch, Vol.8 Part 1, pg. 1)"}],"objectHistory":"The English word 'Moor' stems from the Latin word 'Mauri' which referred to the inhabitants of the Roman province of Mauretania. This included parts of the modern states of Algeria and Morocco, although not the modern Islamic Republic of Mauritania. The word 'Moor' usually refers to a Muslim of mixed Arab and Berber origin, from North Africa or southern Spain. The Moors occupied most of the Iberian peninsula in the early 8th century, but were pushed back to Granada by the Christian kingdoms of northern Spain by the mid-13th and were finally expelled in 1492. Until the 18th century a black person was commonly referred to in Britain as a 'moor' or 'blackamoor'; most famously, Othello was 'The Moor of Venice'. With black people experiencing varying degrees of marginalisation in mediaeval and early modern England, these labels often had a derogatory meaning.","historicalContext":"The use of coats of arms and personal devices had originated in the earliest days of knighthood as a way to identify men entirely encased in armour, and the devices chosen had personal assocations with deeds of valor in battle; these were the people who became the landed nobility in the course of time and their coats of arms were both officially recognized and inheritable. By the fifteenth century, however, the rise of urban life and an economy based on money rather than land had created a growing middle class whose prestige had been won in the world of commerce and civic activity rather than on the battlefield. Such people received permission from Kaiser Friedrich III - ever short of cash - to purchase coats of arms for themselves. These were valid only during the lifetime of the original grantee and, since they could not be inherited by his descendants, are usually impossible to identify today. \r\n\r\nPaper coats of arms are thought to have been used as ex libris plates, as name plates and calling cards. By the sixteenth century, and very possibly as early as Schongauer's day, a student from a wealthy family might use such a print as an inset in a friend's 'album amicorum'. Each guild, city, university and bishopric had its own emblem, as did places of business such as inns, and even larger private homes, where they served in lieu of house numbers.","briefDescription":"A wild man supporting on his right a shield with a hare; on his left a shield with a Moor's head by Martin Schongauer (ca 1450-1491)","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Bartsch, Adam von. <u>The Illustrated Bartsch</u>. 8 Commentary, Part 1."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Bartsch, Adam von. <u>The Illustrated Bartsch</u>. 8, Formerly Vol.6 (Part 1)."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Bartsch, Adam von. <u>Le Peintre Gravure</u>."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Lehrs, Max. <u>Martin Schongauer: the Complete Engravings, a Catalogue Raisonne</u>. catalogue no."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Hollstein, F. W. H. <u>German engravings, etchings, and woodcuts, ca. 1400-1700</u>. Rotterdam, Sound & Vision Publishers, 1999. Volume XLIX."}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"hare","id":"x30063"},{"text":"shield","id":"AAT230284"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["18967"],"accessionNumberNum":"18967","accessionNumberPrefix":"","accessionYear":null,"otherNumbers":[{"type":{"text":"Le Peintre-Graveur","id":"THES50256"},"number":"B.105"}],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-09","recordCreationDate":"2008-04-11","availableToBook":false}}