{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O151835"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O151835/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2015HN6282/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2015HN6282/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2015HN6282","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GP7708","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017JT8882","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017KC2958","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O151835/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O151835","accessionNumber":"CAI.124","objectType":"Drawing","titles":[{"title":"Deux Avocats","type":""},{"title":"Two barristers","type":""}],"summaryDescription":"Honoré Daumier was well versed in the workings of the law courts, having been tried in 1831 for the offence of caricaturing King Louis-Philippe, for which he received six months in prison. After his release Daumier frequently visited the courts, where members of the legal profession provided a wealth of subjects for caricature. This vibrant, rapid sketch of two barristers conspiring expresses the pomposity and corruption which Daumier regarded as endemic to the legal profession. When visiting the courts, he first drew specific people and events, but later developed a powerful repertory of characteristic legal 'types', as seen here.","physicalDescription":"A figure, dressed as a barrister on the left, is reading a paper and is wearing glasses and traditional robe and hat.  The barrister on the right is facing the other, holding books. There are two faint sketches of figures in the background, possibly the audience of the court. ","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Daumier, Honoré","id":"A3169"},"association":{"text":"artist","id":"AAT25103"},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"pen and ink","id":"x30618"},{"text":"chalk","id":"AAT11727"}],"techniques":[{"text":"Drawing","id":"x32498"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Pen and black ink over traces of black chalk","categories":[{"text":"Drawings","id":"THES48966"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"PDP","id":"THES48595"},"images":["2015HN6282","2013GP7708","2017JT8882","2017KC2958"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"LVLD","id":"THES49658"},"free":"","case":"IONIDES","shelf":"3","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"drawing","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Paris","id":"x29068"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1865","earliest":"1860-01-01","latest":"1869-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Bequeathed by Constantine Alexander Ionides","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"207","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"296","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"Monogrammed lower left h.D ","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"Recto: Lugt 488"}],"objectHistory":"C.A. Ionides, by whom  bequeathed, 1900\r\n\r\n\r\n","historicalContext":"This study is typical of Daumier's work which often focuses on everyday life scenes in law courts. Daumier executed many drawings and lithographs depicting lawyers walking along with each other, in conversation with each other or working the courtrooms. In this archetypal image of two lawyers, he used a vigorous and nervous line, especially in the depiction of the lawyer on the right, which is similar to another of his works <i>The Uprising</i> (see Fuchs, E., <i>Der Maler Daumier – Supplement</i>, 1930, p. 315, illus.). \r\n\r\nThe pose of the lawyer on the left, reading, is similar to that of the lawyer in <i>Advocat Reading</i> (See Fuchs, E., <i>Der Maler Daumier,</i> 1927, p. 195, illus.), both wearing their lawyer’s garb and hats, looking downwards at their papers reading and in deep thought. There are outlines of other people in the background, possibly the public in the courtroom or other passers by. Daumier typically grouped these figures of lawyers by two as we can see in similar drawings in the collection (see for instance CAI.120 and CAI.127).\n\r\nDaumier often drew in profile to great affect.  This provided him the opportunity to exaggerate facial features, which lent themselves well to portraying the unscrupulous nature, arrogance and pomposity of the legal system.  This can be seen in his <i>Les Gens de Justice</i> series of lawyers at work, typifying the generic legal types he came to develop in his oeuvre. (See Delteil, <i>Honoré Daumier Le Peintre Graveur Illustré</i>, 1969, vol. XXIII, pls. 1340-1367). The whole image is, however,  most similar in composition and subject matter to <i>En Delicatesse</i> (See Delteil, <i>Honoré Daumier Le Peintre Graveur Illustré</i>, 1969, vol. XXVIII, pl. 3409, illus.).\r\n\r\n","briefDescription":"Drawing, 'Deux Avocats' by Honoré Daumier, French School, 19th century","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"K.E. Maison, <u>Honoré  Daumier, Catalogue Raisonné of the Paintings, Watercolours and Drawing</u>s,, vol. II, <u>The Watercolours and Drawings</u>, Thames and Hudson, London 1904,  p.193, cat. no. 579, illus. plate 208\n"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Basil S. Long, <u>Catalogue of the Constantine Alexander Ionides Collection</u>, vol. I,  <u>Paintings in Oil, Tempera and Water-Colour together with certain of the  Drawings</u>, London 1925, p.17. cat. no. 124"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Adhemar, Jean, <u>Honoré Daumier - Drawings and Watercolours </u>, The Macmillan Company, Switzerland, 1954, p. 28, illus. 45"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"H. Frantz and O. Uzanne,  <u>Daumier and Gavarni</u>, London 1904, pl D52."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"G. Reynolds, <u>Nineteenth Century Drawings 1850-1900</u>, London 1949, pl 2b."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"E.H. Gombrich, <u>Art and Illusion</u>, London and New York 1960, p 354 and fig 298."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Mongan, A. ed., <u>Great drawings of all Time</u>, vol III, New York 1962, pl 762."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"<u>The Burlington Magazine</u>, 707 (February 1962), fig 47"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"E. Klossowski, <u>Honoré Daumier</u>, Munich, 1908, cat. no. 170."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"E. Fuchs, <u>Der Maler Daumier</u>, Munich, 1927, cat. no. 200c."}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["CAI.124"],"accessionNumberNum":"124","accessionNumberPrefix":"CAI","accessionYear":null,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-09","recordCreationDate":"2008-04-01","availableToBook":false}}