{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O1463670"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1463670/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2021MX8282/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2021MX8282/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2021MX8282","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2021MX8254","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2021MX8266","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2021MX8276","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2021MX8269","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2021MX8265","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2021MX8277","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2021MX8272","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2021MX8258","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2021MX8259","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2021MX8273","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2021MX8274","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2021MX8275","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2021MX8260","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O1463670/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O1463670","accessionNumber":"24-1891","objectType":"Book","titles":[{"title":"Rhetorica Christiana","type":"published title"}],"summaryDescription":"","physicalDescription":"Printed book illustrated with engravings. \r\nImprint from colophon.\r\nTitle page is engraved.\r\nSignatures: a⁴ b⁶ A-M⁴ N² O-3D⁴.\r\nFinal leaf is blank.\r\nErrors in pagination: pages 26-27, 30-31, 98, 154, 155, 205-206, 208-210 and 212 numbered 18-19, 22-23, 89, 155, 154, 05-106, 108-110 and 112 respectively.\r\nErrors in signing: O2 missigned N2.\r\n3 of the leaves of plates are printed on both sides; one of the folded plates is a letterpress table.\r\nTitle within ornamental border; text within double rule borders; woodcut head- and tail-pieces; initials; woodcut printer's mark in colophon.\r\n\nEngravings: female allegories of Theology and Rhetoric with device of Franciscans and arms of Gregory XIII (title page); philosopher with globe and instuments, moon, strars, sun, and other elements of allegorical singnificance, signed with monogram \"VAS\" (page 5); Christ pouring out the River of Life from wound in his side, with numerous allegorical and mnemonic symbols (page 7); angel assisting writer with his writing, surrounded by allegorical images (page 10); \"Sacra Theologia\" allegorical figure of preaching monk standing among books (page 14); full-page emblematic image with roundels showing seven liberal arts: arithmetic, geometry, astrology, dilalectics, music, rhetoric, and grammar (page 17); ancient Jewish orator delivering sermon in front of small temple (page 25); head in profile with labels for senses, imagination, fantasy, and cognition, signed by author \"F.D. Valades, inventor\" (page 88); three mnemonic alphabets (full-page plates following page 100); Aztec calendar wheel superimposed with figures of Zodiac, signed by author (full-page plate preceding page 101); fold-out view of Mexico City (full-page folded plate following page168); stylized depiction of hierarchical structure of the Church (full-page, recto of leaf following page 176); elaborate scene showing bleeding heart of crucified Christ filling the Treasury of Merit (full-page, verso of leaf following page 176); stylized tree depicting secular hierarchical structure, with emperor residing at top, descending down to Hell at the bottom (full-page, recto of leaf preceeding page 177); mnemonic emblem in form of large cross (full-page, verso of leaf preceeding page 177); full-page allegorical image of Franciscan evangelization in the New World, signed by author (page 207); Franciscan friar in pulpit instructing indigenous congregation (page 211, full-page); \"Typus Peccatoris\" grotesque image of sinner beset by winged devils (page 214); two full-page illustrations showing stages of temptation, sin, and punishment (pages 216-217); full-page image relating to holiness of matrimony and punishment of infidelity (recto of leaf following page 220); Great Chain of Being linking all stages of universe, with rows representing paradise, humans, and angels. Signed by author (verso of leaf following page 220); Franciscan friar and his indigenous congregation at foot of scene of Christ's crucification, preacher uses pointer to explain elements of the scene (recto of leaf preceding page 221); missionary and his party carrying religious artifacts meet small group of Native Americans, signed by author (page 224); Native Americans seating in circle around missionary (page 225)\r\nIncludes index.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Valadés, Diego","id":"AUTH350591"},"association":{"text":"author","id":"AAT25492"},"note":""},{"name":{"text":"Petrucci, Pietro Giacomo","id":"AUTH350594"},"association":{"text":"publisher","id":"x32600"},"note":""},{"name":{"text":"Valades, Diego","id":"AUTH350591"},"association":{"text":"engraver","id":"x30813"},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"paper","id":"x30308"},{"text":"vellum","id":"x42751"}],"techniques":[{"text":"printing","id":"AAT53319"},{"text":"engraving","id":"AAT53225"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Limp vellum binding attached to textblock by single fold sewn in endpapers.","categories":[{"text":"National Art Library","id":"THES271541"},{"text":"Books","id":"THES48986"},{"text":"Christianity","id":"THES48978"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"NAL","id":"THES48605"},"images":["2021MX8282","2021MX8254","2021MX8266","2021MX8276","2021MX8269","2021MX8265","2021MX8277","2021MX8272","2021MX8258","2021MX8259","2021MX8273","2021MX8274","2021MX8275","2021MX8260"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"63","id":"THES49737"},"free":"","case":"1","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Book","id":"AAT28051"}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"No","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Perugia","id":"x35221"},"association":{"text":"published","id":"x30682"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"1579","earliest":"1579-01-01","latest":"1579-12-31"},"association":{"text":"published","id":"x30682"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"178","unit":"mm","qualifier":"closed","date":{"text":"31/10/2018","earliest":"2018-10-31","latest":"2018-10-31"},"part":"Binding","note":"Measured in Book Conservation measuring box"},{"dimension":"Width","value":"125","unit":"mm","qualifier":"closed","date":{"text":"31/10/2018","earliest":"2018-10-31","latest":"2018-10-31"},"part":"","note":"Measured in Book Conservation measuring box"},{"dimension":"Depth","value":"30","unit":"mm","qualifier":"closed","date":{"text":"31/10/2018","earliest":"2018-10-31","latest":"2018-10-31"},"part":"","note":"Measured in Book Conservation measuring box"}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"Cancelled ownership inscription on the first flyleaf. Removed area where a library stamp possibly was (traces on the first page of the dedication). Accessioned by the Museum on 17 January 1891.  ","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Book, Rhetorica christiana ad concionandi et orandi usum accommodata..., by Diego Valadés, Perugia: Petrus Jacobus Petrutius, 1579.  ","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"De la Maza, F., Fray Diego Valadés: escritor y grabador franciscano del siglo XVI, Mexico City: UNAM Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, 1945."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Palomera, E.J., Fray Diego Valadés, OFM, evangelizador humanista de la Nueva España: el hombre, su época y su obra, Mexico City: Universidad Iberoamericana, 1988."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Chaparro-Gómez, C., 'Emblemática y memoria, política e historia en la Rhetorica christiana de Diego de Valadés', in Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric, Vol. 23, No. 2, Spring 2005, pp.173-202."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Bolzoni, L., 'Mexican Nature in Diego Valadés' Rhetorica christiana (1579)', in Studies in the History of Art, Vol. 69, Symposium Papers XLVI: The Art of Natural History: Illustrated Treatises and Botanical Paintings, 1400-1850, 2008, pp. 126-141."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Rubial García, A., 'Religiosos viajeros en el mundo hispánico en la época de los Austrias (el caso de Nueva España)', in Historia Mexicana, Vol. 61, No. 3 (243), Novohispanos en la Monarquía, Jan-March 2012, pp. 813-48."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Chaparro Gómez, C., Fray Diego Valadés, evangelizador franciscano en Nueva España, Col. Extremeños en Iberoamérica, 4, Badajoz: Junta de Extremadura-Centro Extremeño de Estudios y Cooperación con Iberoamérica, 2015."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Cañizares-Esguerra, J., 'Mestizo Memory Palaces', in New World Objects of Knowledge: A Cabinet of Curiosities, ed. by M. Thurner and J. Pimentel, University of London Press, 2021, pp. 105-13."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Porras, Stephanie, 'Foul biting, Diego Valadés and the medium of print', Art History 46 no. 5 (November 2023), pp. 866-95."}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"Medieval and Renaissance Galleries, V&A:&lt;br&gt;<br>&lt;br&gt;\r\nTHE MEXICAN WORLD, IN ‘RHETORICA CHRISTIANA’&lt;br&gt;\r\n1579&lt;br&gt; \r\nDiego Valadés (1533–after 1582)&lt;br&gt;\r\n&lt;br&gt;\r\nRhetorica Christiana was born in Spain but grew up in Mexico (then part of New Spain), and later joined the Franciscan order. His book aimed to help European missionaries spread the Christian faith, partly through sharing his knowledge of Indigenous Mexican cultures. This engraving presents the local population engaged in various activities, with a human sacrifice taking place at the centre. &lt;br&gt;\r\n&lt;br&gt;\nItaly, Perugia&lt;br&gt;\r\nInk on paper; engravings by Diego Valadés&lt;br&gt;\r\nRhetorica christiana ad concionandi et orandi usum accommodate; 1579&lt;br&gt;\r\nPublished by Pietro Giacomo Petrucci&lt;br&gt;\r\nMuseum no. 24-1891","date":{"text":"2021","earliest":"2021-01-01","latest":"2021-12-31"}},{"text":"Medieval and Renaissance Galleries, V&A:&lt;br&gt;<br>&lt;br&gt;\r\nTHE MEXICAN WORLD, IN ‘RHETORICA CHRISTIANA’&lt;br&gt;\r\n1579&lt;br&gt; \r\nDiego Valadés (1533–after 1582)&lt;br&gt;\r\n&lt;br&gt;\r\nRhetorica Christiana was the first book by a Mexican-born author to be published in Europe. Diego Valadés, a Franciscan friar, intended it as a guide for missionaries to Mexico. Half Talaxcaltec, half Spanish, he shared his knowledge of Mexica (Aztec) culture. This section describes accounts of Aztec human sacrifices, one of which is depicted at the centre of the engraving. &lt;br&gt;\r\n&lt;br&gt;\nItaly, Perugia&lt;br&gt;\r\nInk on paper; engravings by Diego Valadés&lt;br&gt;\r\nRhetorica christiana ad concionandi et orandi usum accommodate; 1579&lt;br&gt;\r\nPublished by Pietro Giacomo Petrucci&lt;br&gt;\r\nMuseum no. 24-1891\r\n","date":{"text":"2018","earliest":"2018-01-01","latest":"2018-12-31"}}],"partNumbers":["38041800982712"],"accessionNumberNum":"38041800982712","accessionNumberPrefix":"","accessionYear":null,"otherNumbers":[{"type":{"text":"NAL Pressmark","id":"THES56809"},"number":"87.E.5"},{"type":{"text":"NAL barcode","id":"THES50330"},"number":"38041800982712"}],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2026-08-21","recordCreationDate":"2018-10-30","availableToBook":false}}