{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O14513"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O14513/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2010EH1987/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2010EH1987/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2010EH1987","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2010EH1986","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2019LL4843","copyright":"©Victoria & Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2019LL4850","copyright":"©Victoria & Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O14513/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O14513","accessionNumber":"FE.104-1970","objectType":"Figure of Luohan","titles":[{"title":"Luohan","type":"generic title"}],"summaryDescription":"This gilded bronze figure represents a <i>Luohan</i>, which is the Chinese term for the disciples of Buddha; monks with special merits and virtues could also be given this name. These figures, usually portrayed in sets of 18, were placed in the side chambers of Buddhist temples. This example is gilt all over except for the back, suggesting that it was made to be looked at from the front; the Chinese inscription on the back: 'number seven on the east', probably indicated its original location in the temple. The inscriptions on the podium, both in Tibetan, show a clear connection with Tibetan Buddhism. Tibetan religion and iconography began to influence Chinese Buddhist art since the Yuan dynasty (1279-1366) when Tibetan and Nepalese monks settled in Beijing under imperial patronage.","physicalDescription":"Gilt-bronze figure of a Luohan (a personal disciple of Buddha), wearing the robes of a monk and holding Buddhist scriptures. He is sitting on a podium with Tibetan inscription on the front and on the back.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"bronze","id":"AAT10957"}],"techniques":[{"text":"gilding","id":"AAT53789"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Gilt bronze","categories":[{"text":"Buddhism","id":"THES48984"},{"text":"Religion","id":"THES48900"}],"styles":[{"text":"Ming","id":"AAT18438"}],"collectionCode":{"text":"EAS","id":"THES48596"},"images":["2010EH1987","2010EH1986","2019LL4843","2019LL4850"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"44 (VA)","id":"THES49802"},"free":"","case":"CA59","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Figure of Luohan","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"China","id":"x29398"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"1400-1500","earliest":"1400-01-01","latest":"1500-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"50","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"Chinese","medium":"","method":"","position":"on the back of the podium","script":"dong di qi","translation":"seventh on the east","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"Chinese; dong di qi; on the back of the podium (top right)\r\nTibetan; shar bdun pa, on the back of the podium (top left)\r\n"},{"content":"","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"Tibetan","medium":"","method":"","position":"on the front of the podium","script":"","translation":"Homage to Gopaka","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"Tibetan; sBed byed la na mo; on the front of the podium"},{"content":"","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"Tibetan","medium":"","method":"","position":"on the back of the podium","script":"","translation":"On the King of Mountains, Bihula, is the noble elder (sthavira) Gopaka, surrounded by one thousand four hundred arhats; homage to the one holding a book with the two hands. May the Buddhist teachings be blessed.","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"Tibetan; **|| ri’i rgyal po bhi [bi] hu la|| ’phags pa’i gnas brtansbed byed ni || dgra bcom stong dang bzhi brgyas skor || phyag gnyis glegs bam ’dzin phyag ’tshal || bstan pa rgyas par byin gyis rlabs ||��\r\non the back of the podium"},{"content":"","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"miscellaneous sūtras","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"Tibetan, *mdo sna tshogs; on the cover of the Tibetan-style book held in both hands by the Arhat."}],"objectHistory":"bought","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Gilt bronze figure, China, Ming dynasty, 1400-1500","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"Kerr, Rose (ed.), Chinese Art and Design: the T.T. Tsui Gallery of Chinese Art. London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1991.","id":"AUTH404455"},"details":"p. 102, fig. 39","free":""},{"reference":{"text":"<i>Dieux et demons de l'Himalaya: art du bouddhisme lamaique</i>, Galeries nationale du Grand Palais, Paris, 1977","id":"AUTH356290"},"details":"","free":""}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[{"text":"Luohan","id":"N812"}],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"羅漢","id":"CIT281302"},{"text":"遊戲坐","id":"CIT0288604"},{"text":"貝葉經","id":"CIT281379"},{"text":"典籍 (佛教)","id":"CIT286200"},{"text":"執持","id":"CIT282802"},{"text":"裸體","id":"CIT290703"},{"text":"袍","id":"CIT289580"},{"text":"坐墊","id":"CIT284961"},{"text":"植物 (紋飾)","id":"CIT288655"},{"text":"錦地","id":"CIT283420"},{"text":"赤足","id":"CIT0284083"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["FE.104-1970"],"accessionNumberNum":"104","accessionNumberPrefix":"FE","accessionYear":1970,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-17","recordCreationDate":"1999-12-15","availableToBook":false}}