{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O140361"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O140361/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2010EC1121/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2010EC1121/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2010EC1121","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2010EC1122","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006BF4823","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017JX8756","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2018KV7636","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O140361/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O140361","accessionNumber":"IM.8-1931","objectType":"Manuscript page","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"The Kalpasutra (Book of Rituals) is the most important canonical text in Jain literature for the Svetambaras (white-clad), one of the two sects of Jainism.  Jainism is one of the oldest religions to have survived until the present time and its basic teaching is one of non-violence.  The Kalpasutra is divided into three sections.   The first section deals with the lives of the twenty-four Jinas or Tirthankaras, who were the Jain spiritual teachers or 'ford-makers'.  The second part deals with the life of Mahavira, the twenty-fourth Tirthankara.  The third part deals with rules for the ascetics and laws during the four months (chaturmas) of the rainy season, when ascetics temporarily abandon their wandering life and settle down amidst the laity. This is the time when the festival of Paryushan is celebrated and the Kalpasutra is traditionally recited.\r\n\r\nThe subjects of the pictures deal mainly with the early life of Mahavira. In this folio the Rani (or Queen) Trishala has just given birth to Mahavira, who is cradled in her arm. The woman to the right is holding a chauri or flywhisk.","physicalDescription":"Painting, opaque watercolour and gold on paper,  <i>Kalpasutra</i> page, showing the Birth of Mahavira: the Rani Trishala reclines on a couch with the infant on her right arm. Behind to the right is a female chauri-bearer. The illustration is on the left and the figures and architecture are painted in gold, blue and black on a dark red background. On the right side of the page is the text, which is in gold Nandinagari characters on a blue rectangular ground with red edgings. There is a narrow strip of text immediately to the right of the illustration, also on a blue ground. There is a single red medallion in the centre of the page.\r\nOn the reverse is text only. This is contained within a blue square and a blue rectangle, each with red edgings. It carries the folio number 33. There are three red medallions, on the left and right and in the centre.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"paper","id":"AAT14109"},{"text":"opaque watercolour","id":"x35013"},{"text":"gold","id":"AAT11021"},{"text":"paint","id":"AAT15029"}],"techniques":[{"text":"painted","id":"AAT54216"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Painted in opaque watercolour and gold on paper","categories":[{"text":"Paintings","id":"THES48917"},{"text":"Jain","id":"THES49013"},{"text":"Manuscripts","id":"THES48922"},{"text":"Religion","id":"THES48900"},{"text":"Bonita Trust Indian Paintings Cataloguing Project","id":"THES263148"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"SSEA","id":"THES48598"},"images":["2010EC1121","2010EC1122","2006BF4823","2017JX8756","2018KV7636"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"004","id":"THES403770"},"free":"","case":"","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"painting","id":"AAT33618"}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Gujarat","id":"x29825"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"second half 15th century","earliest":"1450-01-01","latest":"1499-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":""},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Length","value":"10.5","unit":"in","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Height","value":"4.25","unit":"in","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Painting, <i>Kalpasutra</i> page, birth of Mahavira, opaque watercolour and gold on paper, second half 15th century, Gujarat","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Balbir, N. et al, 'Catalogue of the Jain Manuscripts of the British Library including the holdings of the British Museum and the Victoria & Albert Museum'. London, British Library and Institute of Jainology, 2006. Vol 1, pp.38-39, Vol 2, pp.124-125."},{"reference":{"text":"Swallow, D., Stronge, S., Crill, R., Koezuka, T., editor and translator, \"The Art of the Indian Courts. Miniature Painting and Decorative Arts\", Victoria & Albert Museum and NHK Kinki Media Plan, 1993.","id":"AUTH346698"},"details":"p. 91, cat. no. 76","free":""}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"The Birth of Mahavira: the Rani Trishala reclines on a couch with the infant on her right arm. Behind to the right is a female chauri-bearer.","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[{"text":"Mahavira","id":"N1708"},{"text":"Trishala","id":"N11380"}],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"birth","id":"AAT69672"},{"text":"deities","id":"x31373"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"THE BIRTH OF MAHAVIRA\r\nGouache, ink and gold on paper\r\nGujarat\r\nSecond half of the 15th century\r\n\r\nIM 8-1931\r\n\r\nA scene depicting the birth of Mahavira, the historical founder of Jainism. From a Kalpa Sutra (Book of Ritual) manuscript, the major canonical and most widely illustrated Jain text.","date":{"text":"1990, 1995 or 2001","earliest":"1990-01-01","latest":"2001-12-31"}},{"text":"PAGES FROM KALPASUTRA MANUSCRIPTS \r\n\r\nCENTRE: THE BIRTH OF MAHAVIRA \r\n\r\nOpaque watercolour with gold on paper\r\nGujarat, c.1450-1500\r\n\r\nIM.8-1931 \r\n\r\nHarinegameshin transferred Mahavira’s embryo \r\ninto the womb of Trishala, a woman of the \r\nKshatriya caste of rulers and warriors, who \r\nwas considered a suitable mother. Here Queen \r\nTrishala is seen reclining on a couch with the \r\nbaby; a maid is in attendance.\r\nJain manuscript pages were originally written \r\non palm leaf but paper had become prevalentby 1400.The lavish use of gold and ultramarine \r\nblue became common during the 15th century.","date":{"text":"14/05/2010","earliest":"2010-05-14","latest":"2010-05-14"}}],"partNumbers":["IM.8-1931"],"accessionNumberNum":"8","accessionNumberPrefix":"IM","accessionYear":1931,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-08-04","recordCreationDate":"2007-11-01","availableToBook":false}}