{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O138217"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O138217/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2007BL9031/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2007BL9031/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2007BL9031","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2008BT0092","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2007BL9007","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017JV3792","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017JW3195","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O138217/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O138217","accessionNumber":"C.175-1912","objectType":"Bowl","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"Bowls were important items for dining in the Middle Ages. Dinner plates, such as we use today, were not created until the latter part of the 15th century. Food in the Middle Ages was often presented in the form of a pottage or stew. Meat and vegetables would be served in a broth and bowls were ideal for holding this. After the Black Death, more animals were being raised in the countryside for consumption and this would ultimately result in a change in dining habits and the items used to hold and serve food.\r\n\r\nThe decoration on this bowl is simple but elegantly painted to fit the concave structure. Images of birds were common in both the Middle East and in the West.\r\n\r\nBowls with similar decoration have been attributed to ceramic production centres in Orvieto, in the Umbrian region of Italy. Documentary evidence informs us that Orivieto was a production centre from the 13th century. Ceramic manufacture here began to decline in the latter part of the 14th century as it was badly affected by the ravages of the Black Death. \r\n\r\nThis bowl was said to have been found in Orvieto.In the late 19th and early 20th cetnries, the Italian government was investing in the redevelopment of towns such as Orivieto. A large number of medieval ceramics were discovered in the old water systems of the town such as in wells. Accurate dating of these ceramics was not possible but more recent excavations enable us to date these ceramics more precisely.\r\n\r\nGreen and brown decoration seems to have been characteristic of Orivieto production from its beginnings in the middle of the 13th century and into the 15th century. This simple colour scheme is also found in Tuscany, Liguria, and other centres bordering on the western Mediterranean in France and in Spain. Availibility of colouring agents and the popularity of this colour scheme influenced its spread and longevity.","physicalDescription":"Buff coloured earthenware small bowl. Painted on the inside in a dark pigment and in copper green with a bird holding a long sprig of foliage in its beak and which continues behind its head. On the outside there is a painted wavy line going all the way around the bowl, painted in copper green.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"earthenware","id":"x29356"},{"text":"tin glaze","id":"AAT233436"}],"techniques":[{"text":"glazing","id":"x36216"},{"text":"painting","id":"x30598"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Earthenware covered with a thin tin-opacified lead glaze and painted in a blackish pigment and copper green","categories":[{"text":"Ceramics","id":"THES48982"},{"text":"Earthenware","id":"THES48964"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"CER","id":"THES48594"},"images":["2007BL9031","2008BT0092","2007BL9007","2017JV3792","2017JW3195"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"137 (VA)","id":"THES49876"},"free":"","case":"37","shelf":"4","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Bowl","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Orvieto","id":"x40179"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1375-1450","earliest":"1370-01-01","latest":"1450-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Diameter","value":"12.5","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":"conversion from inches"}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"Bought for £5 from Dr. D. Fuschini of Orvieto (London address)","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Bowl, tin-glazed earthenware painted, Orvieto, ca. 1375-1450","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Bernard Rackham, Catalogue of Italian Maiolica in the Victoria & Albert Museum, London, 1940"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Alessandro Imbert, Ceramiche Orvietane dei secoli XIII e XIV, Roma, 1909"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"La ceramica orvietana del medioevo, exhibition catalogue, Milano, 1983"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Galeazzo Cora, Storia della maiolica di Firenze e del contado secoli XIV e XV"}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"bird","id":"x35043"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"Bowl of earthenware. \r\nItalian (Orvieto), late 15th or early 16th century","date":{"text":"1912","earliest":"1912-01-01","latest":"1912-12-31"}},{"text":"Bowl of enamelled buff-coloured earthenware, painted in black and turquoise-blue.","date":{"text":"post 1912 and pre 1952","earliest":"1913-01-01","latest":"1952-12-31"}},{"text":"Found in excavations at Orvieto. \r\n14th or early 15th century","date":{"text":"post 1912 and pre 1952","earliest":"1913-01-01","latest":"1952-12-31"}},{"text":"Bowl, earthenware. Dug up at Orvieto.\r\nItalian, late 14th or early 15th century","date":{"text":"1952","earliest":"1952-01-01","latest":"1952-12-31"}},{"text":"11. Small bowl with bird\r\nItaly (Orvieto), 1375-1450\r\nEarthenware painted with colours into the opaque tin-glaze \r\nThe bird with foliage in its beak probably copies designs from Islamic ceramics. \r\nMuseum no. C.175-1912. Bought.","date":{"text":"2007","earliest":"2007-01-01","latest":"2007-12-31"}}],"partNumbers":["C.175-1912"],"accessionNumberNum":"175","accessionNumberPrefix":"C","accessionYear":1912,"otherNumbers":[{"type":{"text":"Rackham (1940)","id":"THES56972"},"number":"11"}],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":["2019LU1082"],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-16","recordCreationDate":"2007-08-03","availableToBook":false}}