{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O137839"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O137839/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2007BN3335/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2007BN3335/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2007BN3335","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O137839/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O137839","accessionNumber":"P.38-1937","objectType":"Fresco","titles":[{"title":"Saint Paul","type":"generic title"}],"summaryDescription":"","physicalDescription":"Spirit fresco on stucco depicting St. Paul.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Parry, Thomas Gambier","id":"A19888"},"association":{"text":"artist","id":"AAT25103"},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"tempera","id":"AAT15062"},{"text":"gilt","id":"x30367"},{"text":"plaster","id":"AAT14922"},{"text":"stucco","id":"AAT14966"}],"techniques":[{"text":"fresco","id":"AAT53357"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Tempera and gilt on plaster","categories":[{"text":"Christianity","id":"THES48978"},{"text":"Paintings","id":"THES48917"},{"text":"Religion","id":"THES48900"},{"text":"Biblical Imagery","id":"THES253006"},{"text":"Wall coverings","id":"THES48878"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"PDP","id":"THES48595"},"images":["2007BN3335"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"A","id":"THES304424"},"free":"","case":"","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Plaster","id":""}],[{"text":"Fresco","id":"AAT53357"}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Britain","id":"x32019"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"1850-75","earliest":"1850-01-01","latest":"1875-12-31"},"association":{"text":"drawn","id":"x30545"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"112","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"46.2","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"","value":"","unit":"","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":"Measurement taken at time of assessment prior to BH decant - Frame Dimensions (mm): H-1203 W-543 D-52;\nPainting Dimensions (mm): not measured"}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"The Gambier Parry process is a development of the classical technique of fresco for painting murals, named for Thomas Gambier Parry.\r\n\r\nTrue fresco is the technique of painting on fresh lime plaster whereby the pigments are fixed by the carbonation of the lime (calcium hydroxide). The technique requires no other binding medium and the fixing process produces a durable crystalline paint layer. However, only a limited range of pigments are suitable for true frescoes and the technique requires careful application under controlled conditions. In some environments, conventional fresco colours can rapidly accumulate dirt and grime. The decoration of the new Houses of Parliament in the mid-nineteenth century saw an embarrassing failure of true fresco in England but had generated a revival in mural painting.\r\n\r\nGambier Parry developed a spirit medium for use on a specially prepared plaster or canvas ground and in 1862 he published his recipe. Originally it used beeswax, oil of spike lavender, spirits of turpentine, elemi resin and copal varnish, and was complex both in preparing the wall surface and applying the paint. With commercialisation, the process was simplified and became widely known.\r\n\r\nThe system was used by Frederic Leighton for \"The Arts of Industry as Applied to War\" at the Victoria &amp; Albert Museum (1870-72) and by Ford Madox Brown on the Manchester Murals in Manchester Town Hall (1879-93).\r\n","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Spirit fresco on stucco by Thomas Gambier Parry depicting St. Paul.  Great Britain, second quarter 19th century.","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"<u>Victoria and Albert Museum, Department of Engraving, Illustration and Design and Department of Paintings, Accessions 1937</u>, London: Board of Education, 1938."}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[{"text":"St. Paul","id":"N939"}],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["P.38-1937"],"accessionNumberNum":"38","accessionNumberPrefix":"P","accessionYear":1937,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-08-19","recordCreationDate":"2007-07-24","availableToBook":true}}