{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O137817"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O137817/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2009CA7122/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2009CA7122/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2009CA7122","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2009CA7121","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006BF9977","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017KK5856","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O137817/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O137817","accessionNumber":"701-1884","objectType":"Panel","titles":[{"title":"Joseph's Dream","type":"popular title"}],"summaryDescription":"This ivory panel was carved in southern Italy in Amalfi or Salerno at the end of the 11th century. It is closely related in style to the so-called ‘Salerno Ivories’, a large group of plaques made for an item of church furniture in Salerno Cathedral, probably at the time of the church’s consecration in 1084. The ivories show close links with Byzantine works of art, which were imported to this area in the second half of the 11th century.\r\n\r\nAs with the Salerno ivories, it is not possible to suggest a convincing original context for the related panels. There were clearly several large ensembles produced by the workshops in Amalfi or Salerno in the years around 1060-1100 for various items of church furniture, and small triptychs were also made.","physicalDescription":"Ivory panel depicting Joseph's dream (either ti first or the second). A bearded Joseph lies sleeping on a raised platform, the archangel Gabriel stands over him delivering a blessing with his right hand. A tower has been carved behind Joseph's head.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"Ivory","id":"AAT11857"}],"techniques":[{"text":"Carving","id":"AAT53149"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Carved ivory","categories":[{"text":"Christianity","id":"THES48978"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"SCP","id":"THES48600"},"images":["2009CA7122","2009CA7121","2006BF9977","2017KK5856"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"8 (VA)","id":"THES49714"},"free":"","case":"CA8","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Panel","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Italy","id":"x28927"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":"South"}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"late 11th century","earliest":"1050-01-01","latest":"1100-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"16.5","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"11.5","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Depth","value":"0.9","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Weight","value":"0.24","unit":"kg","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"Measured for the Medieval and Renaissance Galleries 2006","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"Acquired through C.D.E. Fortnum at the sale of Alessandro Castellani collection, Rome, 3rd April 1884, lot 583, £32.\r\nThe panel show either Joseph's first or second dream, in both of which an angel appeared to him. The first occurred before the Nativity (Matthew, I, 20-23), the second immediately following the visit of the Magi (Matthew, II, 13). It has long been recognized that the panel is closely related to the celebrated cycle of ivory panels in the Museo Diocesano in Salerno, probably made around the time of the consecration of the new Cathedral in 1084. The Salerno ivories are concerned with the New and Old Testaments, and indeed Joseph's first and second dreams are included amongst that ensemble. The present example belongs within a secondary group of twelve reliefs. They are slightly more simplified in form and lack much of the fine detailing of the latter.","historicalContext":"This relief has traditionally been associated with ivories of the so called Grado Chair, a group of fourteen more or less stylistically coherent ivories, the serious discussion of which began with an article in Romische Quartalschrift of 1899. In the article Hans Graeven associated the core group of plaques with the ivory cathedral of St Mark, presented to Grado Cathedral by the Emperor Heraclius between 610 and 641. Since the Graeven article, scholarly debate on the age and provenance of the pieces has presented a variety of different possibilities. The present  relief was considered to be a typical example of the South Italian romanesque school of ivory carving, close to the Salerno ivories, normally dated to the second half of the eleventh century. \r\n\r\nThis ivory was subject to radiocarbon analysis in 1995 at the Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art at Oxford Universityby Dr Paul Pettitt. The results suggested a date between 780 and 1010 for the death of the elephant  with a 95.4% accuracy.\r\n\r\nAs with the Salerno ivories, it is not possible to suggest a convincing original context for the related panels. There were clearly several large ensembles produced by the workshops in Amalfi or Salerno in the years around 1060-1100 for various items of church furniture, and small triptychs were also made.","briefDescription":"Panel, ivory, St Joseph's Dream, South Italian, Amalfi or Salerno, late 11th century","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"<u>List of Objects in the Art Division, South Kensington Museum acquired during the Year 1884.</u> London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1885. pp. 63"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Longhurst, Margaret H. <u>Catalogue of Carvings in Ivory.</u> London. Board of Education. 1927-9. pp. 92"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Carucci Arturo. <u>Gli avori salernitani del secolo XII.</u> Salerno. 1965. pp.198"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Bergman, Robert P. 'A School of Romanesque Ivory Carving in Amalfi'. <u>Metropolitan Museums Journal.</u> IX. 1974. pp. 63"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Bergman, Robert P. <u>The Salerno Ivories. Ars Sacra from medieval Amalfi.</u> Harvard. 1980. Cat. B10. fig. 165"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Williamson, P. <u>The Medieval Treasury.</u> 1986. pp. 106-7"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Graeven, H. <u>Frühchristliche und mittelalterliche Elfenbeinwerke aus Sammlungen in England.</u> I. 1898. pp.57."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Graeven, H. <u>Frühchristliche und mittelalterliche Elfenbeinwerke aus Sammlungen in Italia.</u>  II. 1901. pp. 2"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Swarzenski, G. <u>Die Regensburger Buchmalerei.</u> 1901. pp. 138."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Bertreaux. <u>L'Art dans L'Italie Méridionale.</u> 1904. pp. 433-4, 437"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Letherby. <u>Proceedings.</u> XXII. 1907-8. pp. 236"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Kingsley Porter. <u>Romanesque Sculpture.</u> 1923. pp. 125-6"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Goldschmit. A. <u>Die Elfenbeinskulpturen aus der Zeit der karoligischen und sächsischen Kaiser.</u> IV. No. 134"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Stuhlfauth. <u>Die Antichristliche Elfenbeinplastik.</u> 1896. pp. 29. pl. II"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Venturi. <u>Storia dell' Arte Italiana.</u> II. 1901. pp. 631"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Williamson, P.  'On the date of ID Sytnachi panel and ID so- called Grado Chair Ivories'. In Entwistle, C ed. <u>Through a Glass Brightly: Studies in Byzantine and medieval Art and Archaeology presented to David Buckton.</u> Oxford. 2003. pp. 49. fig. 6.1-6.5"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Williamson, Paul. <u>Medieval Ivory Carvings. Early Christian to Romanesque</u>. London, V&A Publishing, Victoria and Albert Museum, 2010, pp. 338-341, cat.no. 86"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Dell'Acqua, Francesca; Cutler, Anthony; Kessler, Herbert L.;Shalem, Avinoam; Wolf, Gerhard, eds. <u>The Salerno Ivories: Objects, Histories, Contexts</u>, Berlin, 2016, pp. 71-72, 94, 99."},{"reference":{"text":"Stiegemann, Christoph & Wemhoff, Matthias (eds.), <i>Canossa 1077 - Erschütterung der Welt : Geschichte, Kunst und Kultur am Aufgang der Romanik</i>, München : Hirmer, 2006","id":"AUTH356801"},"details":"384","free":""},{"reference":{"text":"Romagnoli, Daniela (ed.), <i>Il Medioevo europeo di Jacques Le Goff</i>, Cinisello Balsamo (Milano) : Silvana, 2003","id":"AUTH356802"},"details":"52","free":""},{"reference":{"text":"Bologna, Ferdinando (ed.), <i>L'enigma degli avori medievali da Amalfi a Salerno</i>, Napoli : Paparo, 2008","id":"AUTH356804"},"details":"70","free":""}],"production":"Amalfi or Salerno","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["701-1884"],"accessionNumberNum":"701","accessionNumberPrefix":"","accessionYear":1884,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":["2019LN1805","2019LN4261","2019LT5252","2019LW7327"],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-16","recordCreationDate":"2007-07-23","availableToBook":false}}