{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O1360400"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1360400/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2017JW2160/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2017JW2160/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"low","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2017JW2160","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017JW2165","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":null},"record":{"systemNumber":"O1360400","accessionNumber":"CD.154-2016","objectType":"Tile","titles":[{"title":"Tactile Paving Slab","type":""}],"summaryDescription":"Seiichi Miyake was a Japanese inventor who in the 1960s worked to develop systems that would improve the safety of the visually impaired as they navigated the city. In particular, he was interested in developing directional cues that could help people understand when they were approaching a potentially dangerous or trafficked area, such as busy intersections or the edge of a train platform.\n\r\nIn 1965, he invented the ‘braille block’, the first set of tactile paving tiles, which would eventually be adopted around the world as a way of aiding navigation for the visually impaired. These tactile paving tiles, or ‘Tenji blocks’ as they are a known in Japan, consisted of tiles with raised lines or domes (sometimes truncated) which are used predominately as ground surface indicators to aid blind and visually impaired pedestrians to stop and navigate crosswalks. The raised line pattern indicates a safe path along which a person can walk, while the dome pattern indicates that the person should stop. It was also decided to colour the tiles yellow so that they could also aid the partially blind.\n\r\nIn 1975, all Japan Railway platforms were modified to include these tactile surfaces and in the following years its use spread to cities and government buildings across Japan. Eventually, similar systems were adopted worldwide. It was first introduced in the United Kingdom in 1990. The United States also picked up the standard in the early 1990s, after passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). \n\r\nThis tile is a contemporary version of Miyake’s 1965 design, which was produced in 2016 by the company he founded in 1974. It is made of polyurethane as opposed to the original cast-cement version.\n\r\nThis tile was acquired as part of the Shekou Project, an international partnership between the V&A and China Merchant Shekou Holdings (CMSK) to open a new cultural platform called Design Society in Shekou. The tile was included in the inaugural exhibition, ‘Values of Design’, in the V&A Gallery at Design Society in a section looking at the design issue of improving the lives of those with disabilities.\r\n","physicalDescription":"A yellow square tile made from polyurethane with raised domes evenly spaced apart in a grid pattern.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Miyake, Seiichi","id":"AUTH348245"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"polyurethane","id":"AAT14495"}],"techniques":[],"materialsAndTechniques":"","categories":[{"text":"Interiors","id":"THES48933"},{"text":"Household objects","id":"THES48939"},{"text":"Shekou","id":"THES279777"},{"text":"Values of Design","id":"THES279818"},{"text":"Design Society","id":"THES279819"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"DAD","id":"THES260586"},"images":["2017JW2160","2017JW2165"],"imageResolution":"low","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"SHLN","id":"THES49063"},"free":"","case":"","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"tile","id":"AAT10676"}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Japan","id":"x29399"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1965","earliest":"1960-01-01","latest":"1969-12-31"},"association":{"text":"designed","id":"x29338"},"note":""},{"date":{"text":"2016","earliest":"2016-01-01","latest":"2016-12-31"},"association":{"text":"manufactured","id":"x29350"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Given by Rupert Faulkner","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Length","value":"30","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"30","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Depth","value":"2","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"The tactile paving tile was included in ‘Values of Design’ at the V&A Gallery, Design Society in Shenzhen, China in 2017.","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Tactile paving slab designed by Seiichi Miyake ca.1965","bibliographicReferences":[],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"Design to inform and instruct\n\nStreet furniture gives us clues about how to behave in the city. Tactile paving slabs, also known as braille blocks, can be felt underfoot or with a probing cane, informing people with visual impairments about the road layout. In contrast, metal spiked studs are an example of defensive architecture. Inserted into ledges or the ground, they deter people from accessing or settling in certain spaces. In 2014 they became known as #AntiHomelessSpikes on social media after they were used in London to prevent those in need from finding shelter.\r\n\nPaving slab to aid navigation \nAbout 1965 (manufactured 2016)\nDesigned by Seiichi Miyake, Japan \nMoulded polyurethane \nGiven by Rupert Faulkner \nMuseum no. CD.154-2016\n\nSpiked studs to regulate behaviour \n2014 \nDesigned and manufactured by Kent Stainless, Ireland \nCast and brushed steel \nMuseum no. CD.50:15 to 20-2014\n\nThe object sits in the 'Housing and Living' section of the Design 1900-Now gallery opened in June 2021.","date":{"text":"2021","earliest":"2021-01-01","latest":"2021-12-31"}},{"text":"Tactile Paving Stone\r\nSeeichi Miyake\r\nJapan, 1965\r\n\r\nIn 1965, Seiichi Miyaki developed a system of tactile tiles, which could be laid onto pavements, and give the visually impaired cruical directional cues. It was first installed in Okayama City in 1967 and has since been used in cities around the world.","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null}}],"partNumbers":["CD.154-2016"],"accessionNumberNum":"154","accessionNumberPrefix":"CD","accessionYear":2016,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2026-04-24","recordCreationDate":"2016-06-24","availableToBook":false}}