{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O130429"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O130429/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2008BT0519/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2008BT0519/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2008BT0519","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2008BT0464","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017JX4483","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017JX4489","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O130429/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O130429","accessionNumber":"8406-1863","objectType":"Bowl","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"During the sixteenth century the diet of the elite expanded. New ingredients were available from a widening global market and lavish recipes proliferated in the period. For the first time, gastronomic literature became part of the food culture of the wealthy. What was eaten and drunk mattered as it reflected and constructed an individual's social status. New ceramic forms for holding the growing variety of types of foodstuffs and for accommodating the stylish modes of eating were developed; such as crespine (moulded dishes for holding fruit), piatte detti da carne (meat plates) and rinfrescatoio (coolers). Knowledge of the specific functions of the new forms also formed part of the self-conscious preoccupation with discernment and decorum. During the century a number of codified philosophical ideas on manners, cleanliness and hospitality that reflected this concern were written. The production of clear glass (cristallino) tazze from Murano is a good example of the self-conscious interest in fine manners.  The shape of the glass made drinking difficult, it demanded due attention to avoid spillage. \r\nThe introduction of individual vessels, cutlery, napkins, tablecloths and place settings at table also signaled a development in the elite modes of eating and drinking.  It marked a change with the earlier medieval practice of sharing implements. For the first time dining \"services\" were produced with individual flatware or plates for those at table. Sets were produced in standard quantities, plates were sold in by six or twelve. As luxury items, however maiolica services were however also specially commissioned and often decorated with the appropriate heraldic devices and imprese linking the individual service with the patron. However, it is likely that these items were reserved for occasional use or display purposes only.\r\nFrom the end of the fifteenth century maiolicaware was often painted with antique narratives known as \"istoriato\".  The depiction of these ancient myths and histories, painted in perspective, echoed the intellectual interests of the period. Indeed, the idea behind such decoration on vessels for eating and drinking may have been that guests would have been able to recognize the stories and characters, which reflected on and flattered their classical learning and erudition.","physicalDescription":"Basin, with recurved rim. Inside a seascape with Venus standing on a shell drawn by dolphins, escorted by Tritons and Nerieds, whilst Cupid flies above her; buildings and mountains in the distance.  Outside, a continuous landscape with mountains and water; the bottom within the footrim painted to represent the sky with flying birds.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Fontana workshop","id":"A2153"},"association":{"text":"maker","id":"x40240"},"note":"probably"}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"tin-glaze","id":"AAT233436"},{"text":"earthenware","id":"x29356"}],"techniques":[{"text":"painted","id":"x30138"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Tin-glazed earthenware","categories":[{"text":"Earthenware","id":"THES48964"},{"text":"Myths & Legends","id":"THES49005"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"CER","id":"THES48594"},"images":["2008BT0519","2008BT0464","2017JX4483","2017JX4489"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"62","id":"THES49739"},"free":"","case":"CA12","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Bowl","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Urbino","id":"x33375"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":"probably"}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1559-1560","earliest":"1554-01-01","latest":"1563-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"11.8","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Diameter","value":"32.5","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Weight","value":"1.28","unit":"kg","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"Measured for the Medieval and Renaissance Galleries","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"Soulages Collection\r\nRobinson, Soulages Collection, p.48. Fortnum, Cat.,p.408 (attributed to the Fontana workshop).  By the same hand as NO.1104 (see note thereon)\n\nHistorical significance: From the end of the fifteenth century maiolica was often painted with antique narratives known as \"istoriato\".  The depiction of these ancient myths and histories, painted in perspective, echoed the intellectual interests of the period. Indeed, the idea behind such decoration on vessels for eating and drinking may have been that guests would have been able to recognize the stories and characters, which reflected on and flattered their classical learning and erudition. Furthermore, the function of vessel occasionally determined the decoration of an appropriate theme.  For example, coolers and ewers were decorated with water or marine themes.","historicalContext":"During the sixteenth century the diet of the elite expanded. New ingredients were available from a widening global market and lavish recipes proliferated in the period. For the first time, gastronomic literature became part of the food culture of the wealthy. A number of codified philosophical ideas on manners, cleanliness and hospitality were written revealing a broader preoccupation with behaviour and social status. The introduction of individual vessels, cutlery, napkins, tablecloths and place settings at table also signaled a development in the elite modes of eating and drinking.  It marked a change with the earlier medieval practice of sharing eating implements. For the first time dining \"services\" were produced with individual flatware or plates for those at table. Sets were produced in standard quantities, plates were sold by six or twelve. Clear glass known as cristallino which was often enameled and gilded, produced in Murano, became desirable for drinking vessels. There is evidence to suggest that fine maiolica services may have been displayed on the <i>credenza</i> in the same manner as silver.","briefDescription":"Earthenware bowl with a seascape, probably made by the Fontana workshop, Urbino, ca. 1559-1560","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Ajmar-Wollheim, Marta & Flora Dennis (Eds.). <u>Renaissance at Home<u>. London: V&A Museum, 2006."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Hess, Catherine (Ed.). <u>The Arts of Fire: Islamic Influences on Glass and Ceramics of the Italian Renaissance</u>. Los Angeles, The J. Paul Getty Museum, 2004."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Rackham, Bernard. <u>Catalogue of Italian Maiolica</u>, vol. I & vol. II. London: V&A Museum, 1977, 2nd edition."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Syson, Luke and Dora Thornton. <u>Objects of Virtue: Art in Renaissance Italy</u>. London, British Museum, 2001."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Wilson, Timothy. <u>Ceramic Art of the Italian Renaissance</u>. London: British Museum, 1987."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Watson, Wendy M. <u>Italian Renaissance Ceramics From the Howard I. and Janet H. Stein Collection and the Philadelphia Museum of Art</u>. Exh.cat. Philadelphia: The Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2001."}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[{"text":"Venus","id":"N25"},{"text":"Cupid","id":"N31"}],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["8406-1863"],"accessionNumberNum":"8406","accessionNumberPrefix":"","accessionYear":1863,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":["2019LN4565","2019LP7487","2019LT6462","2019LW6184"],"recordModificationDate":"2026-04-17","recordCreationDate":"2006-12-19","availableToBook":false}}