{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O123599"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O123599/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2010EA8735/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2010EA8735/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2010EA8735","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2013GR0323","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London/Qatar Museums Authority","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O123599/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O123599","accessionNumber":"C.2559-1910","objectType":"Figure","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"The earliest porcelain figures were made for the dessert course of grand dinners and replaced the sugar paste and wax figures made since medieval times for royal feasts. Originally intended as expressions of dynastic power and to celebrate political allegiances, allegorical themes had been introduced into these table settings by the 16th century. By the 18th century many were entirely decorative. Meissen in Germany was the first factory to make porcelain figures for the dessert. It set the sculptural conventions followed by porcelain factories elsewhere.\r\n\r\nDuring the 18th century dessert was the course on which the greatest effort and expense were lavished. The food served and the fine porcelain which accompanied it reflected the wealth and good taste of the host but it also signified the colonial power structures at play given that many of the objects and foods on the dessert table were the direct products of slavery. In particular, the sugar industry was dependent on the labor of enslaved people who were heavily exploited and overworked. Here the exploitation of the Black body has been aestheticised into a luxury and decorative product to adorn the dessert table. In fact, a shocking estimated 75% of all enslaved Africans crossing the Atlantic were destined, at least at the beginning, to work in sugar, this object must be understood within this wider global context of the British Empire and its colonial power structures.\r\n\r\nThis figure, in the form of a Black man naked except for a feathered headdress and skirt, represents a highly exoticised and homogenous view of America from a colonial Western perspective. These objects were produced frequently during the eighteenth century, they show an orientalised fantasy of Black enslaved people who were exploited through the production of sugar, a product of slavery. Here they are transformed into ornamental commodities and luxury products which aestheticizes the exploitation of Black people during this time. The companion figure of a woman represents Africa. Both objects aestheticize the exploitation of black people and is deemed offensive and discriminatory. \r\n\r\nThey were originally modelled by J.F. Eberlein in 1741, who recorded that he modelled male and female 'Moors ... standing by a sugar box.' The bowls they stand next to could have been used for both sugar and dry sweetmeats served during the dessert course of a grand meal. This pair of figures were originally intended for table centrepieces from which no other Continents are known.\n\n","physicalDescription":"Hard-paste porcelain sugar or sweetmeat bowl (lacking cover) with figure of a standing black man, representing America. He stands, bent slightly at the waist and with his left hand holds a flower up to his left cheek. He wears a feather headdress and skirt and stands on a base supported by a tree stump next to a white bowl. One of a pair.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Eberlein, Johann Friedrich","id":"A8360"},"association":{"text":"modeller","id":"AAT25417"},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[{"name":{"text":"Meissen porcelain factory","id":"A9173"},"association":{"text":"manufacturer","id":"AAT25230"},"note":""}],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"hard paste porcelain","id":"AAT10663"}],"techniques":[{"text":"painted","id":"AAT54216"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Hard-paste porcelain, painted in enamels","categories":[{"text":"Black History","id":"THES48989"},{"text":"Ceramics","id":"THES48982"},{"text":"Figures & Decorative ceramics","id":"THES48954"},{"text":"Eating","id":"THES48963"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"CER","id":"THES48594"},"images":["2010EA8735","2013GR0323"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"3","id":"THES263060"},"free":"","case":"CA7","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Figure","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"Yes-general","note":"This object aestheticizes the exploitation of black people and is deemed offensive and discriminatory. We are committed to improving our records, and work is ongoing.\r\n"}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Meissen","id":"x35076"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1765-1775","earliest":"1760-01-01","latest":"1775-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""},{"date":{"text":"1741","earliest":"1741-01-01","latest":"1741-12-31"},"association":{"text":"modelled","id":"AAT53130"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[{"object":{"text":"C.2560-1910","id":"O123600"},"association":"Set"}],"creditLine":"Bequeathed by Captain H. B. Murray","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"168","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"110","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Depth","value":"110","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"Measured by Conservation","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"Crossed swords with a dot between hilts","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"Factory mark in blue, inside hollow base"}],"objectHistory":"NB. While the term 'moor' has been used in this record, it has since fallen from usage and is now considered offensive. The term is repeated in this record in its original historical context.\r\n","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Sugar or sweetmeat bowl with figure of black man representing America, hard-paste porcelain painted in enamels, modelled by J. F. Eberlein in 1741, made by Meissen porcelain factory, Germany, ca. 1765-75. These objects were produced frequently during the eighteenth century, they show an exoticized and Western fantasy of Black enslaved people who were exploited through the production of sugar, a product of slavery. Here they are transformed into ornamental commodities and luxury products which aestheticizes the exploitation of Black people during this time.","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Childs, Adrienne. \"Sugarboxes and Blackamoors: Ornamental Blackness in Early Meissen Porcelain\", in Yonan, Michael, <u>Cultural Aesthetics of Eighteenth-Century Porcelain.  Honey, W. B. <u>Dresden china: an introduction to the study of Meissen porcelain.</u> London: A. & C. Black, 1934, Note 201."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"See Meredith Chilton et al, Fired by Passion: Vienna Baroque Porcelain of Claudius Innocentius Du Paquier, 2009, vol. 3, cat. 347-8, for a discussion of the Meissen and Vienna versions of this design"}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"man","id":"x35641"},{"text":"tree-stump","id":"x37812"},{"text":"bowl","id":"AAT203596"},{"text":"headdresses","id":"AAT46023"},{"text":"skirts","id":"AAT209932"},{"text":"flowers (plants)","id":"AAT132399"}],"contentConcepts":[{"text":"Black History","id":"x37627"}],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["C.2559-1910"],"accessionNumberNum":"2559","accessionNumberPrefix":"C","accessionYear":1910,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":["2019LN6526","2019LP8632","2019LV0223","2019LU6986"],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-08","recordCreationDate":"2006-05-03","availableToBook":false}}