{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O121815"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O121815/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2009CD9132/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2009CD9132/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2009CD9132","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2009CD9154","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006BE8280","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017JU6213","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2019LX7447","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O121815/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O121815","accessionNumber":"M.71-1934","objectType":"Plaque","titles":[{"title":"Christ","type":"generic title"}],"summaryDescription":"This small panel represents Christ, raising his right hand in blessing. This type of enamel, a combination of the techniques of cloissoné and champlevé, produces a figure on a gold background. The technique remained popular in the Byzantine world into the twelfth century. Small enamel panels of this sort were incorporated into various kinds of objects, especially book covers and icon frames.","physicalDescription":"Circular gold roundel, with 'Senkschmelz' half figure of Christ. In his left hand, he holds a book, and he raises his right hand in blessing. An identifying inscription is placed to either side of his head.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"gold","id":"AAT11021"},{"text":"Cloisonné enamel","id":"x39039"}],"techniques":[{"text":"enamelling","id":"x37485"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Gold and cloisonné enamel","categories":[{"text":"Metalwork","id":"THES48920"},{"text":"Religion","id":"THES48900"},{"text":"Christianity","id":"THES48978"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"MET","id":"THES48599"},"images":["2009CD9132","2009CD9154","2006BE8280","2017JU6213","2019LX7447"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"8 (VA)","id":"THES49714"},"free":"","case":"CA8","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Circular plaque","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Istanbul (City)","id":"x33871"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":"Probably"}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"1000-1150","earliest":"1000-01-01","latest":"1150-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Diameter","value":"1.9","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Depth","value":"0.1","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"Measured for the Medieval and Renaissance Galleries 2005","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"'IC XC'","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"Jesus Christ","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"These inscriptions are to either side of Christ's head."}],"objectHistory":"Bought from a private collection in London. The roundel was said to have been acquired by the vendor's family in Constantinople.","historicalContext":"This enamel is of a type usually referred to as the 'typical' Byzantine enamel. In other words, it is set into a metal plaque, in this case gold, where the outlines of the figure and of the inscription are depressions in the metal. Within the depression, gold wires have been used to form the compartments for the enamel to fill. This type of enamel, a combination in effect, of cloissoné and champlevé, produces a figure on a gold metal ground, and is sometimes referred to by the German term 'Senkschmelz'. Researchers now believe that the earliest example of this technique occurs on the reliquary of the True Cross in the cathedral treasury at Limburg an der Lahn, made 963-989. The technique remained popular in the Byzantine world into the twelfth century.\r\n\r\nSmall enamel panels of this sort were incorporated into various kinds of objects, especially book covers, icon frames and the like. They therefore formed part of a particularly portable class of artworks, and examples of similar Byzantine plaques can be found in many church treasuries in Western Europe, as well as in Hungary, Russia and Czechoslovakia.","briefDescription":"Plaque depicting Christ blessing, gold and cloisonné enamel, probably Byzantine Empire, Constantinople (Turkey, Istanbul), ca. 1100-50","bibliographicReferences":[],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[{"text":"Jesus Christ","id":"N1515"}],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"book","id":"AAT28051"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"CHRIST PANTOCRATOR\r\nCloisonné enamel on gold\r\nSouth Russian (Kyiv [Kiev]); 12th century\r\nPurchased under the bequest of Francis Reubell Bryan","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null}}],"partNumbers":["M.71-1934"],"accessionNumberNum":"71","accessionNumberPrefix":"M","accessionYear":1934,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":["2019LP9564","2019LU9113","2019LU3970","2019LX0054"],"recordModificationDate":"2025-05-02","recordCreationDate":"2006-03-13","availableToBook":false}}