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This is one of perhaps 10,000 kitchens made to the designs of the Austrian architect Margarete (Grete) Schütte-Lihotzky, installed in flats in Frankfurt during the 1920s. Schütte-Lihotzky worked in the Municipal Building Department, which controlled all aspects of building in the city, including housing.\n\nThe Frankfurt Kitchen (as it was known at the time) was undoubtedly the most successful and influential kitchen of the period, and stood as a symbol of the principles of ‘scientific’ professionalisation of the domestic workspace. It was not the first fitted kitchen, or even the earliest Modernist fitted kitchen, but it was the first to be made in quantity. In its day it was widely publicised in Germany and abroad, and a film was even made about it in 1928.\r\n\r\nThe design of the kitchen was based on the principles of F.W. Taylor's 'Scientific Management', a system that analysed the most efficient ways of undertaking tasks in the home and workplace. The kitchen was only big enough for the housewife to work alone (few men in the 1920s would have spent time there). All the surfaces are easy to clean and without mouldings that trap dirt. A noticeable feature is the bank of metal storage containers for commodities like flour, rice and sugar. The housewife could easily reach them without even opening a cupboard door. There were no electric refrigerators at the time, but a low-level cupboard was vented from the outside to keep food cool. The ironing board was hinged to the wall and could be lowered to use. Even the disposal of rubbish was considered: the waste-bin was in its own cupboard that could be emptied from outside the kitchen in the hall.\r\n\r\nThree different sizes of kitchen were made for various sizes of flats. This kitchen was recently rescued from a Frankfurt apartment after almost eighty years of use. It had only been repainted once in that time, and is seen here restored to its original paint scheme. 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along Taylorist and Fordist lines.  These attempts at rationalization and efficiency applied also to the design of flats and, notably, to the design of this kitchen, versions of which were installed in around 10,000 of the Frankfurt flats. The Frankfurt Kitchen (as it was known at the time) was not the first fitted kitchen, or even the earliest Modernist fitted kitchen, but it was the first to be made in quantity. It was undoubtedly the most successful and influential kitchen of the period, and stood as a symbol of the principles of 'scientific' professionalization of the domestic workspace.\r\n\r\nLike many designers aiming at efficiency in the home, Lihotsky would have been conversant with Erna Meyer's hugely popular manual for the home, Der neue Haushalt (The New Household, 1926), which was itself based on the classic American text The New Housekeeping: Efficiency Studies in Home Management (1913) by Christine Frederick. In these, the bodily movements and circulation patterns of the housewife as she engaged in daily work were analysed to arrive at new principles for household design and labour. These were reflected in the close analysis of the positioning of each element of the Frankfurt Kitchen in relation to others to minimize unnecessary steps, and in the provision of features aimed at saving labour and providing physical comfort. Among these were the work table for preparing food under a light-giving window and adjacent to the sink, both at a height for using while seated; the storage chutes with handles and pouring spouts for dry comestibles, obviating the need for the steps involved in opening cupboards, then jars, and spooning out the contents; and the drop-down ironing board, omitting the need for another object requiring assembly and storage. \r\n\r\nNot only was the idea of labour-saving important to the layout of the kitchen, but it was central to its construction and cheap price. The cabinets had no backs and, owing to the continuity of the units, there was just one side wall required. Financing was offered to flat residents to enable them to buy a kitchen, which they paid off through their monthly rent. The kitchen was made in three sizes, to fit different flats, including those with no servants, one or even two servants (which was possible even for those living in municipal housing, given the low wage costs at the time). The small size of the kitchen reflected a pursuit of efficiency, the belief that eating in the kitchen was unhygienic, and a desire to save space for the living areas of the flat. The principle of the compact kitchen owes much to the design of galleys in ships and trains of the era.\r\n\r\nNote 1. The kitchen came from a flat at Kurhessenstrasse 132, 2nd floor. The estate was also referred to as the Siedlung Ginnheimer Hang (Ginheim Hillside estate), in 'Führer durch die Frankfurther Siedlungen', Das Neue Frankfurt, vol.2, no.78 (1928), p.136.","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Frankfurt kitchen, designed by Margarete (Grete) Schütte-Lihotzky, Frankfurt, 1926-1927","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Bullock, Nicholas. “First the Kitchen—Then the Façade.” Journal of Design History 1, no. 3/4 (1988): 177–92."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Dreysse, D. W. Ernst May Housing Estates: Architectural Guide to Eight New Frankfort Estates, 1926–1930. Frankfurt: Fricke Verlag, 1988."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Henderson, Susan. “A Revolution in the Woman’s Sphere: Grete Lihotzky and the Frankfurt Kitchen,” in Architecture and Feminism, edited by Debra Coleman, Elizabeth Danze, and Carol Henderson, 221–48. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1996."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Noever, Peter, ed. Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky. Soziale Architektur—Zeitzeugin eines Jahrhunderts. Vienna: Böhlau, 1996"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Karen Melching (furniture Conservator), ‘Frankfurt Kitchen: patina follows function’, V&A Conservation Journal (Summer 2006), issue 53, pp. 18-20\r\n\r\n"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Wilk, Christopher, Modernism: Designing a New World 1914-1939, p.180, London: V&A Publishing, 2006."}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"Mass produced","id":"THES48863"},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"Containers for the labour-saving kitchen\n\nArchitect Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky designed these large-handled grain containers to be easily used in a single action. They are part of a mass-produced fitted kitchen for a housing development in Frankfurt. She designed the kitchen to optimise the time women spent on domestic tasks and was influenced by American scientific management theories, which explored the most efficient ways of executing tasks in the workplace.\n\nMetal containers \nPart of the Frankfurt Kitchen, 1926–27\nDesigned by Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky \nManufactured by Gebrüder Haarer, Germany \nPressed aluminium \nMuseum no. W.15:53, 57, 58-2005\n\nThe object sits in the 'Housing and Leaving' section of the Design 1900-Now gallery opened in June 2021.\n","date":{"text":"2021","earliest":"2021-01-01","latest":"2021-12-31"}},{"text":"Frankfurt Kitchen\r\n1926-7\r\nGrete Lihotzky (1897-2000)\r\n\r\nGrete Lihotzky's kitchen was built into about 10,000 Modernist flats constructed by Frankfurt's Municipal Building Department. Though not the first fitted kitchen, it was the most successful and innovative and the first to be made in quantity. Designed for maximum efficiency and hygiene, it stood as a symbol of the 'scientific' professionalisation of the domestic workspace. The layout was based on careful analysis of the bodily movements and circulation patterns of the housewife as she engaged in daily work (see diagrams to your right). Every element was designed to save unnecessary labour and movement. \r\n\r\nGermany\r\nFrom a flat in the Am Höhenblick housing estate, Ginnheim, Frankfurt\r\nV&A: W.15-2005","date":{"text":"28/02/2006","earliest":"2006-02-28","latest":"2006-02-28"}}],"partNumbers":["W.15:1-2005","W.15:2-2005","W.15:3-2005","W.15:4-2005","W.15:5-2005","W.15:6-2005","W.15:7-2005","W.15:8-2005","W.15:9-2005","W.15:10-2005","W.15:11-2005","W.15:12-2005","W.15:13-2005","W.15:14-2005","W.15:15-2005","W.15:16-2005","W.15:17-2005","W.15:18-2005","W.15:19-2005","W.15:20-2005","W.15:21-2005","W.15:22-2005","W.15:23-2005","W.15:24-2005","W.15:25-2005","W.15:26-2005","W.15:27-2005","W.15:28-2005","W.15:29-2005","W.15:30-2005","W.15:31-2005","W.15:32-2005","W.15:33-2005","W.15:34-2005","W.15:35-2005","W.15:36-2005","W.15:37-2005","W.15:38-2005","W.15:39-2005","W.15:40-2005","W.15:41-2005","W.15:42-2005","W.15:43-2005","W.15:44-2005","W.15:45-2005","W.15:46-2005","W.15:47-2005","W.15:48-2005","W.15:49-2005","W.15:50-2005","W.15:51-2005","W.15:52-2005","W.15:53-2005","W.15:54-2005","W.15:55-2005","W.15:56-2005","W.15:57-2005","W.15:58-2005","W.15:59-2005","W.15:60-2005","W.15:61-2005","W.15:62-2005","W.15:63-2005","W.15:64-2005","W.15:65-2005","W.15:66-2005","W.15:67-2005","W.15:68-2005","W.15:69-2005","W.15:70-2005","W.15:71-2005","W.15:72-2005","W.15:73-2005","W.15:74-2005","W.15:75-2005","W.15:76-2005","W.15:77-2005","W.15:78-2005","W.15:79-2005","W.15:80-2005","W.15:81-2005","W.15:82-2005","W.15:83-2005","W.15:84-2005","W.15:85-2005","W.15:86-2005","W.15:87-2005","W.15:88-2005","W.15:89-2005","W.15:90-2005"],"accessionNumberNum":"15","accessionNumberPrefix":"W","accessionYear":2005,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE","door [1]","shelf [1]","radiator","stove","oven","component [1]","component [2]","component [3]","door [2]","ironing board","window [1]","window [2]","window [3]","window [4]","cupboard [1]","component [4]","component [5]","component [6]","component [7]","cupboard [2]","component [8]","component [9]","component [10]","component [11]","component [12]","component [13]","component [14]","component [15]","component [16]","component [17]","corner cupboard","cupboard door","cupboard [3]","component [18]","component [19]","component [20]","component [21]","component [22]","component [23]","component [24]","component [25]","component [26]","component [27]","cupboard [4]","component [28]","component [29]","component [30]","component [31]","component [32]","component [33]","component [34]","component [35]","component [36]","component [37]","component [38]","component [39]","component [40]","component [41]","component [42]","component [43]","component [44]","component [45]","component [46]","component [47]","component [48]","component [49]","component [50]","component [51]","cupboard [5]","component [52]","component [53]","tiles [1]","tiles [2]","tiles [3]","tiles [4]","plate rack","taps","shelf [2]","component [54]","component [55]","component [56]","component [57]","component [58]","component [59]","component [60]","component [61]","component [62]","component [63]","component [64]"],"assets":["2007BP0604","2007BP0602","2017JU8901","2017JU8902","2017JU8903","2019ME2808","2019MK5435","2019MK5433","2019MK5429"],"recordModificationDate":"2026-02-27","recordCreationDate":"2006-02-15","availableToBook":false}}