{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O120608"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O120608/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AX8885/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AX8885/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2006AX8885","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AX8660","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O120608/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O120608","accessionNumber":"M.64-1974","objectType":"Watch chain","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"Jet is the fossilized remains of driftwood, compressed into a very compact form of lignite or coal. In Britain, it is principally found in the coastal town of Whitby, North Yorkshire. \r\n\r\nIt has been used in jewellery since prehistory but became particularly popular as mourning jewellery in the second half of the 19th century. By1872, there were 200 shops in Whitby selling jet and the industry  employed 1500 men, women and children. \r\n\r\nThe custom of wearing mourning dress was encouraged by Queen Victoria’s prolonged mourning after the death of her husband Albert in 1861. This chain is formed of highly polished and carved beads. A watch would have hung from one end, whilst from the other end, a small jet prayer-book hangs. \r\n\r\nHowever, not all jet was used for mourning. It was also a popular souvenir, bought by holidaymakers arriving at the coast on the new railways.","physicalDescription":"Jet watch chain with book.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"Jet","id":"AAT45514"}],"techniques":[{"text":"carving","id":"AAT53149"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Jet","categories":[{"text":"Jewellery","id":"THES48930"},{"text":"Metalwork","id":"THES48920"},{"text":"Death","id":"THES48970"},{"text":"Europeana Fashion Project","id":"THES265804"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"MET","id":"THES48599"},"images":["2006AX8885","2006AX8660"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"91M","id":"THES49137"},"free":"","case":"81","shelf":"D8","box":"3"}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Watch chain","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"England","id":"x28826"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1875","earliest":"1870-01-01","latest":"1879-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Given by Mrs B. M. Dickens","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Length","value":"25.5","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Depth","value":"0.9","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"","historicalContext":"The increasing rigidity of mourning conventions during the reign of Queen Victoria gave great encouragement to the manufacture of black jewellery.  Expensive work in black-enamelled gold was made by hand.  Jet was much in demand, and the workshops in Whitby, Yorkshire, near the main source of the material, produced articles which often comprised hand-carved details applied to mass-produced bodies turned on lathes.  Mass production methods, and the use of substitute materials, brought mourning jewellery within reach of all but the poorest.  Although pieces were often made from cast black glass, or 'French jet', mounted on metal, or from vulcanite, this piece is of jet.","briefDescription":"Jet watch chain with book, Britain (probably North Yorkshire), about 1875","bibliographicReferences":[],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"books","id":"AAT28051"}],"contentConcepts":[{"text":"mourning","id":"AAT238450"}],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["M.64-1974"],"accessionNumberNum":"64","accessionNumberPrefix":"M","accessionYear":1974,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":["2019LP8019","2019LT3584","2019LW7659"],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-08","recordCreationDate":"2006-01-19","availableToBook":false}}