{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O119815"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O119815/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2008BT2793/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2008BT2793/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2008BT2793","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2017JY0440","copyright":"©Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O119815/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O119815","accessionNumber":"C.132-1931","objectType":"Drug jar","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"This drug jar, of unusually large size, is part of a famous set, all of which bear the emblem of the 'Moor's Head' and a monastic badge incorporating the letters P A M Q. This particular jar was used for \"SALE ARMVNIACO\" (sal amoniac) or AMMONIUM CHLORIDE, NH4C1, the earliest known salt of ammonia (q.v.), which was formerly much used in dyeing and metallurgic operations. \r\nPharmacies in the Renaissance period were often run by a monastic orders as part of their hospitals and their badges are often incorporated in the decoration of the jars.\r\n\r\nA significant number of black Africans were living in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries, the majority as slaves in wealthy homes. The ‘Moor’s Head’ emblem, in which a black head wearing a narrow headband is presented in profile, has existed since the middle ages. Its origins may lie in the invasion of Spain and Portugal in 711 by African and Arab Muslim forces led by General Tariq ibn-Ziyad. It is an image of nobility, one much used in European heraldry.","physicalDescription":"Drug-jar, tin-glazed earthenware, painted in blue, yellow, orange and copper green. The inscription  'SALE ARMVNIACO'  is placed on a painted label in the center of a wreath. In the lower half of the wreath, a moor's head en profil, and above the label a oxskull. Incorporated in the wreath at the top and bottom, a monastic badge. The date 1501 is painted on the back.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"earthenware","id":"x29356"},{"text":"tin glaze","id":"AAT233436"}],"techniques":[],"materialsAndTechniques":"Tin-glazed earthenware, painted in colours","categories":[{"text":"Black History","id":"THES48989"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"CER","id":"THES48594"},"images":["2008BT2793","2017JY0440"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"143","id":"THES49867"},"free":"","case":"12","shelf":"1","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Jar","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Deruta","id":"x35295"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"1501","earliest":"1501-01-01","latest":"1501-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Gaisford St. Lawrence Collection, purchased out of the funds of the John Webb Trust.","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"32.0","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Diameter","value":"21.5","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"'SALE ARMVNIACO'","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"Sal ammonaic or AMMONIUM CHLORIDE","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"or AMMONIUM CHLORIDE, NH4C1, the earliest known salt of ammonia (q.v.),  formerly much used in dyeing and metallurgic operations."},{"content":"'PAMQ' [in monogram] under a patriarchal cross","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"This is a  badge of the monasterial order who commissioned this jar for their pharmacy."},{"content":"Incised marks","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"Incised marks on the bottom, made after firing. Their meaning is unclear, but might be related to measurements of the original contents."}],"objectHistory":"Gaisford St. Lawrence Collection, purchased out of the funds of the John Webb Trust.","historicalContext":"This large drug jar is part of a large set made for an unidentifed pharmacy. This particular jar was used for  <i>SALE ARMVNIACO</i> , Sal-ammoniac, ammonium chloride\r\nThe constriction just underneath the rim was used to close the pot off with a piece of parchment or paper and a string.","briefDescription":"Drug-jar, tin-glazed earthenware, painted in colours and inscription  <i>SALE ARMVNIACO,</i>, made in Deruta, dated 1501","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"R. Drey, <u>Apothecary Jars: pharmaceutical pottery and porcelain in Europe and the East 1150-1850<u/>, London, 1978, p. 41, fig 12 a"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Fiocco & Gherardi, <u>Ceramiche Umbre, vol. I<u/>, Faenza 1988, pp. 60-61, figs. 20-22"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Fiocco & Gherardi, La ceramica di Deruta dal XIII al XVIII sec., Perugia, 1994,pp. 181-184, figs. 52-57"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Wison, T., <u>Ceramic Art of the Renaissance<u/>, London, British Museum, 1987, cat 38, pp. 39-40"}],"production":"dated 1501","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["C.132-1931"],"accessionNumberNum":"132","accessionNumberPrefix":"C","accessionYear":1931,"otherNumbers":[{"type":{"text":"Rackham (1977)","id":"THES56972"},"number":"390"}],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":["2019LR4839","2019LT6195","2019LW1216"],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-16","recordCreationDate":"2005-12-15","availableToBook":false}}